device wlan              # 802.11 support

device wlan                 # 802.11 support

device wlan_wep          # 802.11 WEP support

device wlan_wep             # 802.11 WEP support

device wlan_ccmp         # 802.11 CCMP support

device wlan_ccmp            # 802.11 CCMP support

device wlan_tkip         # 802.11 TKIP support

device wlan_tkip            # 802.11 TKIP support

device wlan_amrr         # AMRR transmit rate control algorithm

device wlan_amrr            # AMRR transmit rate control algorithm

device ath               # Atheros pci/cardbus NIC's

device ath                  # Atheros pci/cardbus NIC's

device ath_hal           # pci/cardbus chip support

device ath_hal              # pci/cardbus chip support

options AH_SUPPORT_AR5416 # enable AR5416 tx/rx descriptors

options AH_SUPPORT_AR5416   # enable AR5416 tx/rx descriptors

device ath_rate_sample   # SampleRate tx rate control for ath

device ath_rate_sample      # SampleRate tx rate control for ath

Many useful statistics are maintained by the 802.11 layer and `wlanstats`, found in [.filename]#/usr/src/tools/tools/net80211#, will dump this information. These statistics should display all errors identified by the 802.11 layer. However, some errors are identified in the device drivers that lie below the 802.11 layer so they may not show up. To diagnose device-specific problems, refer to the drivers' documentation.

Many useful statistics are maintained by the 802.11 layer and `wlanstats`, found in [.filename]#/usr/src/tools/tools/net80211#, will dump this information. These statistics should display all errors identified by the 802.11 layer. However, some errors are identified in the device drivers that lie below the 802.11 layer so they may not show up. To diagnose device-specific problems, refer to the driver documentation.

A bridge can join two network segments in order to inspect all Ethernet frames that pass between them using man:bpf[4] and man:tcpdump[1] on the bridge interface or by sending a copy of all frames out an additional interface known as a span port.

A bridge can join two network segments in order to inspect all Ethernet frames that pass between them using man:bpf[4] and man:tcpdump[1] on the bridge interface, or by sending a copy of all frames out on an additional interface known as a span port.

* http://www.absoluteFreeBSD.com/[Absolute FreeBSD, 2nd Edition: The Complete Guide to FreeBSD], published by http://www.nostarch.com/[No Starch Press], 2007. ISBN: 978-1-59327-151-0

* Absolute FreeBSD: The Complete Guide To FreeBSD, Third Edition, published by http://www.nostarch.com/[No Starch Press], 2018. ISBN: 9781593278922

* http://www.freebsdmall.com/cgi-bin/fm/bsdcomp[The Complete FreeBSD], published by http://www.oreilly.com/[O'Reilly], 2003. ISBN: 0596005164

* The Complete FreeBSD, published by http://www.oreilly.com/[O'Reilly], 2003. ISBN: 0596005164

* http://andrsn.stanford.edu/FreeBSD/introbook/[FreeBSD: An Open-Source Operating System for Your Personal Computer], published by The Bit Tree Press, 2001. ISBN: 0971204500

* FreeBSD: An Open-Source Operating System for Your Personal Computer, published by The Bit Tree Press, 2001. ISBN: 0971204500

All of these points present security challenges, even before considering any potential security weaknesses in client or server software. More secure alternatives for file transfer exist, such as man:sftp[1] or man:scp[1], which both feature authentication and data transfer over encrypted connections..

All of these points present security challenges, even before considering any potential security weaknesses in client or server software. More secure alternatives for file transfer exist, such as man:sftp[1] or man:scp[1], which both feature authentication and data transfer over encrypted connections.

Then start the proxy by running `service ftp-proxy start`.

Then start the proxy by running:

[source,bash]

....

# service ftp-proxy start

....

A NAT instance will also be configured. It is possible to have multiple NAT instances each with their own configuration. For this example only one NAT instance is needed, NAT instance number 1. The configuration can take a few options such as: `if` which indicates the public interface, `same_ports` which takes care that alliased ports and local port numbers are mapped the same, `unreg_only` will result in only unregistered (private) address spaces to be processed by the NAT instance, and `reset` which will help to keep a functioning NAT instance even when the public IP address of the IPFW machine changes. For all possible options that can be passed to a single NAT instance configuration consult man:ipfw[8]. When configuring a stateful NATing firewall, it is necessary to allow translated packets to be reinjected in the firewall for further processing. This can be achieved by disabling `one_pass` behavior at the start of the firewall script.

A NAT instance will also be configured. It is possible to have multiple NAT instances each with their own configuration. For this example only one NAT instance is needed, NAT instance number 1. The configuration can take a few options such as: `if` which indicates the public interface, `same_ports` which takes care that aliased ports and local port numbers are mapped the same, `unreg_only` will result in only unregistered (private) address spaces to be processed by the NAT instance, and `reset` which will help to keep a functioning NAT instance even when the public IP address of the IPFW machine changes. For all possible options that can be passed to a single NAT instance configuration consult man:ipfw[8]. When configuring a stateful NATing firewall, it is necessary to allow translated packets to be reinjected in the firewall for further processing. This can be achieved by disabling `one_pass` behavior at the start of the firewall script.

# Replace x.x.x. with address listed in /etc/resolv.conf.

# Replace x.x.x.x with address listed in /etc/resolv.conf.

pass out quick on dc0 proto tcp from any to x.x.x. port = 53 flags S keep state

pass out quick on dc0 proto tcp from any to x.x.x.x port = 53 flags S keep state

pass out quick on dc0 proto udp from any to xxx port = 53 keep state

pass out quick on dc0 proto udp from any to x.x.x.x port = 53 keep state

The address is now removed from PF, but will still show up in the blacklistctl list, since it does not know about any changes made in PF. The entry in blacklistd's database will eventually expire and be removed from its output eventually. The entry will be added again if the host is matching one of the block rules in blacklistd again.

The address is now removed from PF, but will still show up in the blacklistctl list, since it does not know about any changes made in PF. The entry in blacklistd's database will eventually expire and be removed from its output. The entry will be added again if the host is matching one of the block rules in blacklistd again.

    eg. ufs:/dev/da0s1a

    e.g. ufs:/dev/da0s1a

When configuring a MTA for a network, any mail sent to hosts in its domain should be diverted to the MTA so that users can receive their mail on the master mail server.

When configuring an MTA for a network, any mail sent to hosts in its domain should be diverted to the MTA so that users can receive their mail on the master mail server.

By default, TCP wrappers is enabled. Consult man:hosts_access[5] for more information on placing TCP restrictions on various inetd invoked daemons.

By default, TCP wrappers are enabled. Consult man:hosts_access[5] for more information on placing TCP restrictions on various inetd invoked daemons.

The man:autofs[5] facility is a common name for several components that, together, allow for automatic mounting of remote and local filesystems whenever a file or directory within that file system is accessed. It consists of the kernel component, man:autofs[5], and several userspace applications: man:automount[8], man:automountd[8] and man:autounmountd[8]. It serves as an alternative for man:amd[8] from previous FreeBSD releases. Amd is still provided for backward compatibility purposes, as the two use different map format; the one used by autofs is the same as with other SVR4 automounters, such as the ones in Solaris, MacOS X, and Linux.

The man:autofs[5] facility is a common name for several components that, together, allow for automatic mounting of remote and local filesystems whenever a file or directory within that file system is accessed. It consists of the kernel component, man:autofs[5], and several userspace applications: man:automount[8], man:automountd[8] and man:autounmountd[8]. It serves as an alternative for man:amd[8] from previous FreeBSD releases. amd is still provided for backward compatibility purposes, as the two use different map formats; the one used by autofs is the same as with other SVR4 automounters, such as the ones in Solaris, MacOS X, and Linux.

Whenever a process attempts to access file within the man:autofs[5] mountpoint, the kernel will notify man:automountd[8] daemon and pause the triggering process. The man:automountd[8] daemon will handle kernel requests by finding the proper map and mounting the filesystem according to it, then signal the kernel to release blocked process. The man:autounmountd[8] daemon automatically unmounts automounted filesystems after some time, unless they are still being used.

Whenever a process attempts to access a file within the man:autofs[5] mountpoint, the kernel will notify man:automountd[8] daemon and pause the triggering process. The man:automountd[8] daemon will handle kernel requests by finding the proper map and mounting the filesystem according to it, then signal the kernel to release blocked process. The man:autounmountd[8] daemon automatically unmounts automounted filesystems after some time, unless they are still being used.

On FreeBSD, the built-in ntpd can be used to synchronize a system's clock. Ntpd is configured using man:rc.conf[5] variables and [.filename]#/etc/ntp.conf#, as detailed in the following sections.

On FreeBSD, the built-in ntpd can be used to synchronize a system's clock. ntpd is configured using man:rc.conf[5] variables and [.filename]#/etc/ntp.conf#, as detailed in the following sections.

Ntpd communicates with its network peers using UDP packets. Any firewalls between your machine and its NTP peers must be configured to allow UDP packets in and out on port 123.

ntpd communicates with its network peers using UDP packets. Any firewalls between your machine and its NTP peers must be configured to allow UDP packets in and out on port 123.

Ntpd reads [.filename]#/etc/ntp.conf# to determine which NTP servers to query. Choosing several NTP servers is recommended in case one of the servers becomes unreachable or its clock proves unreliable. As ntpd receives responses, it favors reliable servers over the less reliable ones. The servers which are queried can be local to the network, provided by an ISP, or selected from an http://support.ntp.org/bin/view/Servers/WebHome[ online list of publicly accessible NTP servers]. When choosing a public NTP server, select one that is geographically close and review its usage policy. The `pool` configuration keyword selects one or more servers from a pool of servers. An http://support.ntp.org/bin/view/Servers/NTPPoolServers[ online list of publicly accessible NTP pools] is available, organized by geographic area. In addition, FreeBSD provides a project-sponsored pool, `0.freebsd.pool.ntp.org`.

ntpd reads [.filename]#/etc/ntp.conf# to determine which NTP servers to query. Choosing several NTP servers is recommended in case one of the servers becomes unreachable or its clock proves unreliable. As ntpd receives responses, it favors reliable servers over the less reliable ones. The servers which are queried can be local to the network, provided by an ISP, or selected from an http://support.ntp.org/bin/view/Servers/WebHome[ online list of publicly accessible NTP servers]. When choosing a public NTP server, select one that is geographically close and review its usage policy. The `pool` configuration keyword selects one or more servers from a pool of servers. An http://support.ntp.org/bin/view/Servers/NTPPoolServers[ online list of publicly accessible NTP pools] is available, organized by geographic area. In addition, FreeBSD provides a project-sponsored pool, `0.freebsd.pool.ntp.org`.

The `server` keyword specifies a single server to query. The file can contain multiple server keywords, with one server listed on each line. The `pool` keyword specifies a pool of servers. Ntpd will add one or more servers from this pool as needed to reach the number of peers specified using the `tos minclock` value. The `iburst` keyword directs ntpd to perform a burst of eight quick packet exchanges with a server when contact is first established, to help quickly synchronize system time.

The `server` keyword specifies a single server to query. The file can contain multiple server keywords, with one server listed on each line. The `pool` keyword specifies a pool of servers. ntpd will add one or more servers from this pool as needed to reach the number of peers specified using the `tos minclock` value. The `iburst` keyword directs ntpd to perform a burst of eight quick packet exchanges with a server when contact is first established, to help quickly synchronize system time.

==== Ntpd and the unpriveleged `ntpd` user

==== ntpd and the unpriveleged `ntpd` user

Ntpd on FreeBSD can start and run as an unpriveleged user. Doing so requires the man:mac_ntpd[4] policy module. The [.filename]#/etc/rc.d/ntpd# startup script first examines the NTP configuration. If possible, it loads the `mac_ntpd` module, then starts ntpd as unpriveleged user `ntpd` (user id 123). To avoid problems with file and directory access, the startup script will not automatically start ntpd as `ntpd` when the configuration contains any file-related options.

ntpd on FreeBSD can start and run as an unpriveleged user. Doing so requires the man:mac_ntpd[4] policy module. The [.filename]#/etc/rc.d/ntpd# startup script first examines the NTP configuration. If possible, it loads the `mac_ntpd` module, then starts ntpd as unpriveleged user `ntpd` (user id 123). To avoid problems with file and directory access, the startup script will not automatically start ntpd as `ntpd` when the configuration contains any file-related options.

Locality Name (eg, city) []:Pittsburgh

Locality Name (e.g., city) []:Pittsburgh

Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:My Company

Organization Name (e.g., company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:My Company

Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Systems Administrator

Organizational Unit Name (e.g., section) []:Systems Administrator

Common Name (eg, YOUR name) []:localhost.example.org

Common Name (e.g., YOUR name) []:localhost.example.org

Locality Name (eg, city) []:Pittsburgh

Locality Name (e.g., city) []:Pittsburgh

Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:My Company

Organization Name (e.g., company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:My Company

Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Systems Administrator

Organizational Unit Name (e.g., section) []:Systems Administrator

To connect to a board configured to provide USB device mode serial ports, connect the USB host, such as a laptop, to the boards USB OTG or USB client port. Use `pstat -t` on the host to list the terminal lines. Near the end of the list you should see a USB serial port, eg "ttyU0". To open the connection, use:

To connect to a board configured to provide USB device mode serial ports, connect the USB host, such as a laptop, to the boards USB OTG or USB client port. Use `pstat -t` on the host to list the terminal lines. Near the end of the list you should see a USB serial port, e.g. "ttyU0". To open the connection, use:

The rest of this chapter provides detailed description of setting the target without using the cfumass rc file. This is necessary if eg one wants to provide a writeable LUN.

The rest of this chapter provides detailed description of setting the target without using the cfumass rc file. This is necessary if e.g. one wants to provide a writeable LUN.