Attachment #6168 for bug #14206

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<article>
  <artheader>
    <title>Fonts and FreeBSD</title>

    <subtitle>A Tutorial</subtitle>

    <authorgroup>
      <author>
	<firstname>Dave</firstname>

	<surname>Bodenstab</surname>

	<affiliation>
	  <address>
	    <email>imdave@synet.net</email>
	  </address>
	</affiliation>
      </author>
    </authorgroup>

    <pubdate>Wed Aug  7, 1996</pubdate>

    <abstract>
      <para>This document contains a description of the various font
	files that may be used with FreeBSD and the syscons driver,
	X11, Ghostscript and Groff.  Cookbook examples are provided
	for switching the syscons display to 80x60 mode, and for using
	type 1 fonts with the above application programs.</para>
    </abstract>
  </artheader>

  <sect1>
    <title>Introduction</title>

    <para>There are many sources of fonts available, and one might ask
      how they might be used with FreeBSD.  The answer can be found by
      carefully searching the documentation for the component that one
      would like to use.  This is very time consuming, so this
      tutorial is an attempt to provide a shortcut for others who
      might be interested.</para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1>
    <title>Basic terminology</title>

    <para>There are many different font formats and associated font
      file suffixes.  A few that will be addressed here are:</para>

    <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
	<term><filename>.pfa</>, <filename>.pfb</></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>Postscript type 1 fonts.  The
	    <filename>.pfa</filename> is the
	    <emphasis>A</emphasis>scii form and
	    <filename>.pfb</filename> the <emphasis>B</emphasis>inary
	    form.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><filename>.afm</></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>The font metrics associated with a type 1 font.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><filename>.pfm</></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>The printer font metrics associated with a type 1
	    font.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><filename>.ttf</></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>A TrueType font</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><filename>.fot</></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>An indirect reference to a TrueType font (not an
	    actual font)</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term><filename>.fon</>, <filename>.fnt</></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>Bitmapped screen fonts</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>

    <para>The <filename>.fot</filename> file is used by Windows as
      sort of a symbolic link to the actual TrueType font
      (<filename>.ttf</filename>) file.  The <filename>.fon</filename>
      font files are also used by Windows.  I know of no way to use
      this font format with FreeBSD.</para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1>
    <title>What font formats can I use?</title>

    <para>Which font file format is useful depends on the application
      being used.  FreeBSD by itself uses no fonts.  Application
      programs and/or drivers may make use of the font files.  Here is
      a small cross reference of application/driver to the font type
      suffixes:</para>

    <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
	<term>Driver</term>

	<listitem>
	  <variablelist>
	    <varlistentry>
	      <term>syscons</term>

	      <listitem>
		<para><filename>.fnt</></para>
	      </listitem>
	    </varlistentry>
	  </variablelist>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term>Application</term>

	<listitem>
	  <variablelist>
	    <varlistentry>
	      <term>Ghostscript</term>

	      <listitem>
		<para><filename>.pfa</filename>,
		  <filename>.pfb</filename>,
		  <filename>.ttf</filename></para>
	      </listitem>
	    </varlistentry>

	    <varlistentry>
	      <term>X11</term>

	      <listitem>
		<para><filename>.pfa</filename>,
		  <filename>.pfb</filename></para>
	      </listitem>
	    </varlistentry>

	    <varlistentry>
	      <term>Groff</term>

	      <listitem>
		<para><filename>.pfa</filename>,
		  <filename>.afm</filename></para>
	      </listitem>
	    </varlistentry>

	    <varlistentry>
	      <term>Povray</term>

	      <listitem>
		<para><filename>.ttf</filename></para>
	      </listitem>
	    </varlistentry>
	  </variablelist>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>

    <para>The <filename>.fnt</filename> suffix is used quite
      frequently.  I suspect that whenever someone wanted to create a
      specialized font file for their application, more often than not
      they chose this suffix.  Therefore, it is likely that files with
      this suffix are not all the same format; specifically, the
      <filename>.fnt</filename> files used by syscons under FreeBSD
      may not be the same format as a <filename>.fnt</filename> file
      one encounters in the MSDOS/Windows environment.  I have not
      made any attempt at using other <filename>.fnt</filename> files
      other than those provided with FreeBSD.</para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1>
    <title>Setting a virtual console to 80x60 line mode</title>

    <para>First, a 8x8 font must be loaded.
      <filename>/etc/sysconfig</filename> should contain the
      lines:</para>

<informalexample>
<programlisting>
# Choose font 8x8 from /usr/share/syscons/fonts/* (or NO for default)
font8x8=/usr/share/syscons/fonts/cp437-8x8.fnt
</programlisting>
</informalexample>

    <para>The command to actually switch the mode is
      &man.vidcontrol.1:</para>

<artheader>
<title>Fonts and FreeBSD</title>
<subtitle>A Tutorial</subtitle>

<authorgroup>
<author>
<firstname>Dave</firstname>
<surname>Bodenstab</surname>
<affiliation>
<address><email>imdave@synet.net</email></address>
</affiliation>
</author>
</authorgroup>

<pubdate>Wed Aug  7, 1996</pubdate>

<abstract><para>This document contains a description of the various
font files that may be used with FreeBSD and the syscons driver, X11,
Ghostscript and Groff. Cookbook examples are provided for switching
the syscons display to 80x60 mode, and for using type 1 fonts with
the above application programs.</para></abstract>

</artheader>

<sect1>
<title>Introduction</title>

<para>There are many sources of fonts available, and one might ask
how they might be used with FreeBSD. The answer can be found by
carefully searching the documentation for the component that one
would like to use. This is very time consuming, so this tutorial is
an attempt to provide a shortcut for others who might be
interested.</para>

</sect1>

<sect1>
<title>Basic terminology</title>

<para>There are many different font formats and associated font file
suffixes. A few that will be addressed here are:
</para>
<variablelist>

<varlistentry><term><filename>.pfa</>, <filename>.pfb</></term>

<listitem><para>Postscript type 1 fonts.  The <filename>.pfa</filename> is the
<emphasis>A</emphasis>scii form and <filename>.pfb</filename> the
<emphasis>B</emphasis>inary form.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry><term><filename>.afm</></term>

<listitem><para>The font metrics associated with a type 1
font.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry><term><filename>.pfm</></term>

<listitem><para>The printer font metrics associated with a type 1
font.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry><term><filename>.ttf</></term>

<listitem><para>A TrueType font</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry><term><filename>.fot</></term>

<listitem><para>An indirect reference to a TrueType font (not an
actual font)</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry><term><filename>.fon</>, <filename>.fnt</></term>

<listitem><para>Bitmapped screen fonts</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
  
<para>The <filename>.fot</filename> file is used by Windows as sort
of a symbolic link to the actual TrueType font
(<filename>.ttf</filename>) file.  The <filename>.fon</filename> font
files are also used by Windows. I know of no way to use this font
format with FreeBSD.</para>

</sect1>

<sect1>
<title>What font formats can I use?</title>

<para>Which font file format is useful depends on the application
being used. FreeBSD by itself uses no fonts.  Application programs
and/or drivers may make use of the font files.  Here is a small cross
reference of application/driver to the font type suffixes:</para>

<variablelist>
<varlistentry><term>Driver</term>
<listitem>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry><term>syscons</term>
<listitem>
<para><filename>.fnt</></para>
  
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
  
</listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry><term>Application</term>

<listitem>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry><term>Ghostscript</term>
<listitem>
<para><filename>.pfa</filename>, <filename>.pfb</filename>, <filename>.ttf</filename></para>
  
</listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry><term>X11</term>

<listitem>
<para><filename>.pfa</filename>, <filename>.pfb</filename></para>
  
</listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry><term>Groff</term>

<listitem>
<para><filename>.pfa</filename>, <filename>.afm</filename></para>
  
</listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry><term>Povray</term>

<listitem>
<para><filename>.ttf</filename></para>
  
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
  
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
  
<para>The <filename>.fnt</filename> suffix is used quite frequently. 
I suspect that whenever someone wanted to create a specialized font
file for their application, more often than not they chose this
suffix.  Therefore, it is likely that files with this suffix are not
all the same format; specifically, the <filename>.fnt</filename>
files used by syscons under FreeBSD may not be the same format as a
<filename>.fnt</filename> file one encounters in the MSDOS/Windows
environment.  I have not made any attempt at using other
<filename>.fnt</filename> files other than those provided with
FreeBSD.</para>

</sect1>

<sect1>
<title>Setting a virtual console to 80x60 line mode</title>

<para>First, a 8x8 font must be loaded. 
<filename>/etc/sysconfig</filename> should contain the lines:
</para>
<informalexample>
<programlisting># Choose font 8x8 from /usr/share/syscons/fonts/* (or NO for default)
font8x8=/usr/share/syscons/fonts/cp437-8x8.fnt</programlisting>
</informalexample>
  
<para>The command to actually switch the mode is
&man.vidcontrol.1:
</para>
<informalexample>
<screen>bash$ <userinput>vidcontrol VGA_80x60</userinput></screen>
</informalexample>
  
<para>Various screen orientated programs, such as
&man.vi.1, must be able to
determine the current screen dimensions.  These can be set with
&man.stty.1;:
</para>
<informalexample>
<screen>bash$ <userinput>stty crt rows 60 columns 80</userinput></screen>
</informalexample>
  
<para>To make this more seamless, one can embed these commands in the
startup scripts so it takes place when the system boots.  One way to
do this is:
</para>
<orderedlist>

<listitem>
<para>Modify <filename>/etc/sysconfig</filename> as above</para>
</listitem>

<listitem>
<para>Add to <filename>/etc/rc.local</filename>:
</para>
<informalexample>
<screen>
bash$ <userinput>vidcontrol VGA_80x60</userinput>
</screen>
</informalexample>

    <para>Various screen orientated programs, such as &man.vi.1, must
      be able to determine the current screen dimensions.  These can
      be set with &man.stty.1;:</para>

<informalexample>
<screen>
bash$ <userinput>stty crt rows 60 columns 80</userinput>
</screen>
</informalexample>

    <para>To make this more seamless, one can embed these commands in
      the startup scripts so it takes place when the system boots.
      One way to do this is:</para>

    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
	<para>Modify <filename>/etc/sysconfig</filename> as
	  above</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>Add to <filename>/etc/rc.local</filename>:</para>

<informalexample>
<programlisting>
for tty in /dev/ttyv?
do
  vidcontrol VGA_80x60 &lt;$tty &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1
done
</programlisting>
</informalexample>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>Add to <filename>/etc/profile</filename>:</para>

<listitem>
<para>Add to <filename>/etc/profile</filename>:
</para>
<informalexample>
<programlisting>
TTYNAME=`basename \`tty\``
if expr "$TTYNAME" : 'ttyv' &gt;/dev/null
then
  stty crt rows 60 columns 80
fi
</programlisting>
</informalexample>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>

    <para>References: &man.stty.1;, &man.vidcontrol.1;.</para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1>
    <title>Using type 1 fonts with X11</title>

    <para>X11 can use either the <filename>.pfa</filename> or the
      <filename>.pfb</filename> format fonts.  The X11 fonts are
      located in various subdirectories under
      <filename>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts</filename>.  Each font file
      is cross referenced to its X11 name by the contents of the
      <filename>fonts.dir</filename> file in each directory.</para>

    <para>There is already a directory named <filename>Type1</>.  The
      most straight forward way to add a new font is to put it into
      this directory.  A better way is to keep all new fonts in a
      separate directory and use a symbolic link to the additional
      font.  This allows one to more easily keep track of ones fonts
      without confusing them with the fonts that were originally
      provided.  For example:</para>

</orderedlist>
  
<para>References:
&man.stty.1;,
&man.vidcontrol.1;.</para>

</sect1>

<sect1>
<title>Using type 1 fonts with X11</title>

<para>X11 can use either the <filename>.pfa</filename> or the
<filename>.pfb</filename> format fonts.  The X11 fonts are located in
various subdirectories under
<filename>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts</filename>.  Each font file is
cross referenced to its X11 name by the contents of the
<filename>fonts.dir</filename> file in each directory.</para>

<para>There is already a directory named <filename>Type1</>. The most
straight forward way to add a new font is to put it into this
directory.  A better way is to keep all new fonts in a separate
directory and use a symbolic link to the additional font.  This
allows one to more easily keep track of ones fonts without confusing
them with the fonts that were originally provided.  For
example:
</para>
<informalexample>
<screen>
<lineannotation>Create a directory to contain the font files</>
bash$ <userinput>mkdir -p /usr/local/share/fonts/type1</>
bash$ <userinput>cd /usr/local/share/fonts/type1</>


bash$ <userinput>cp /cdrom/fonts/atm/showboat/showboat.afm .</>

<lineannotation>Maintain an index to cross reference the fonts</>
bash$ <userinput>echo showboat - InfoMagic CICA, Dec 1994, /fonts/atm/showboat &gt;&gt;INDEX</>
</screen>
</informalexample>

    <para>Now, to use a new font with X11, one must make the font file
      available and update the font name files.  The X11 font names
      look like:</para>

<informalexample>
<screen>
-bitstream-charter-medium-r-normal-xxx-0-0-0-0-p-0-iso8859-1
     |        |      |    |   |     |  | | | | | |    \    \
     |        |      |    |   |     \  \ \ \ \ \ \     +----+- character set
     |        |      |    |   \      \  \ \ \ \ \ +- average width
     |        |      |    |    \      \  \ \ \ \ +- spacing

     |        |      |      \	  \	 \  \ +- points
     |        |      |       \     \	  \  +- pixels
     |        |      |        \     \	   \
  foundry  family  weight   slant  width  additional style
</screen>
</informalexample>

    <para>A new name needs to be created for each new font.  If you
      have some information from the documentation that accompanied
      the font, then it could serve as the basis for creating the
      name.  If there is no information, then you can get some idea by
      using &man.strings.1; on the font file.  For example:</para>

</para>
<informalexample>
<screen>
bash$ <userinput>strings showboat.pfb | more</>
%!FontType1-1.0: Showboat 001.001
%%CreationDate: 1/15/91 5:16:03 PM
%%VMusage: 1024 45747

 1991 by David Rakowski.  Alle Rechte Vorbehalten.) readonly def
end readonly def
/FontName /Showboat def
--stdin--
</screen>
</informalexample>
  
<para>Using this information, a possible name might be:
</para>
<informalexample>
<screen>-type1-Showboat-medium-r-normal-decorative-0-0-0-0-p-0-iso8859-1</screen>
</informalexample>
  
<para>The components of our name are:
</para>
<variablelist>

<varlistentry><term>Foundry</term>
<listitem>
<para>Lets just name all the new fonts <literal>type1</>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry><term>Family</term>
<listitem>
<para>The name of the font.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry><term>Weight</term>
<listitem>
<para>Normal, bold, medium, semibold, etc.  From the
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>strings</><manvolnum>1</></> output
above, it appears that this font has a weight of
<emphasis>medium</emphasis>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry><term>Slant</term>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis remap=bf>r</emphasis>oman, <emphasis
remap=bf>i</emphasis>talic, <emphasis remap=bf>o</emphasis>blique,
etc.  Since the <emphasis>ItalicAngle</emphasis> is zero,
<emphasis>roman</emphasis> will be used.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry><term>Width</term>
<listitem>
<para>Normal, wide, condensed, extended, etc.  Until it can be examined,
the assumption will be <emphasis>normal</emphasis>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry><term>Additional style</term>
<listitem>
<para>Usually omitted, but this will indicate that
the font contains decorative capital letters.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>

<varlistentry><term>Spacing</term>
<listitem>
<para>proportional or monospaced.  <emphasis>Proportional</emphasis>
is used since <emphasis>isFixedPitch</emphasis> is false.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>

</variablelist>
  
<para>All of these names are arbitrary, but one should strive to be
compatible with the existing conventions.  A font is referenced by
name with possible wild cards by an X11 program, so the name chosen
should make some sense. One might begin by simply using
<informalexample>
<screen>&hellip;-normal-r-normal-&hellip;-p-&hellip;</screen>
</informalexample>
as the name, and then use
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>xfontsel</><manvolnum>1</></> to examine it
and adjust the name based on the appearance of the font.</para>

    <para>Using this information, a possible name might be:</para>

<informalexample>
<screen>
-type1-Showboat-medium-r-normal-decorative-0-0-0-0-p-0-iso8859-1
</screen>
</informalexample>

    <para>The components of our name are:</para>

    <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
	<term>Foundry</term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>Lets just name all the new fonts
	    <literal>type1</>.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term>Family</term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>The name of the font.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term>Weight</term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>Normal, bold, medium, semibold, etc.  From the
	    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>strings</><manvolnum>1</></>
	    output above, it appears that this font has a weight of
	    <emphasis>medium</emphasis>.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term>Slant</term>

	<listitem>
	  <para><emphasis remap=bf>r</emphasis>oman, <emphasis
	      remap=bf>i</emphasis>talic, <emphasis
	      remap=bf>o</emphasis>blique, etc.  Since the
	    <emphasis>ItalicAngle</emphasis> is zero,
	    <emphasis>roman</emphasis> will be used.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term>Width</term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>Normal, wide, condensed, extended, etc.  Until it can
	    be examined, the assumption will be
	    <emphasis>normal</emphasis>.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term>Additional style</term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>Usually omitted, but this will indicate that the font
	    contains decorative capital letters.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
	<term>Spacing</term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>proportional or monospaced.
	    <emphasis>Proportional</emphasis> is used since
	    <emphasis>isFixedPitch</emphasis> is false.</para>
	</listitem>
      </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>

    <para>All of these names are arbitrary, but one should strive to
      be compatible with the existing conventions.  A font is
      referenced by name with possible wild cards by an X11 program,
      so the name chosen should make some sense.  One might begin by
      simply using

<informalexample>
<screen>
&hellip;-normal-r-normal-&hellip;-p-&hellip;
</screen>
</informalexample>

      as the name, and then use
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xfontsel</><manvolnum>1</></> to
      examine it and adjust the name based on the appearance of the
      font.</para>

    <para>So, to complete our example:</para>

<informalexample>
<screen>
<lineannotation>Make the font accessible to X11</>
bash$ <userinput>cd /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/Type1</>
bash$ <userinput>ln -s /usr/local/share/fonts/type1/showboat.pfb .</>


bash$ <userinput>xset fp rehash</>

<lineannotation>Examine the new font</>
bash$ <userinput>xfontsel -pattern -type1-*</>
</screen>
</informalexample>

    <para>References: &man.xfontsel.1;, &man.xset.1;, <citetitle>The X
	Windows System in a Nutshell</>, <ulink
	URL="http://www.ora.com/">O'Reilly &amp;
	Associates</ulink>.</para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1>
    <title>Using type 1 fonts with Ghostscript</title>

    <para>Ghostscript references a font via its <filename>Fontmap</>
      file.  This must be modified in a similar way to the X11
      <filename>fonts.dir</filename> file.  Ghostscript can use either
      the <filename>.pfa</filename> or the <filename>.pfb</filename>
      format fonts.  Using the font from the previous example, here is
      how to use it with Ghostscript:</para>

it with Ghostscript:
</para>
<informalexample>
<screen>
<lineannotation>Put the font in Ghostscript's font directory</>
bash$ <userinput>cd /usr/local/share/ghostscript/fonts</>
bash$ <userinput>ln -s /usr/local/share/fonts/type1/showboat.pfb .</>


&gt;&gt;showpage, press &lt;return&gt; to continue&lt;&lt;
&gt;&gt;showpage, press &lt;return&gt; to continue&lt;&lt;
&gt;&gt;showpage, press &lt;return&gt; to continue&lt;&lt;
GS&gt;<userinput>quit</>
</screen>
</informalexample>

    <para>References: <filename>fonts.txt</filename> in the
      Ghostscript 4.01 distribution</para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1>
    <title>Using type 1 fonts with Groff</title>

    <para>Now that the new font can be used by both X11 and
      Ghostscript, how can one use the new font with groff?  First of
      all, since we are dealing with type 1 postscript fonts, the
      groff device that is applicable is the <emphasis>ps</emphasis>
      device.  A font file must be created for each font that groff
      can use.  A groff font name is just a file in
      <filename>/usr/share/groff_font/devps</filename>.  With our
      example, the font file could be
      <filename>/usr/share/groff_font/devps/SHOWBOAT</filename>.  The
      file must be created using tools provided by groff.</para>

    <para>The first tool is <command>afmtodit</>.  This is not
      normally installed, so it must be retrieved from the source
      distribution.  I found I had to change the first line of the
      file, so I did:</para>

<informalexample>
<screen>
bash$ <userinput>cp /usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/groff/afmtodit/afmtodit.pl /tmp</>
bash$ <userinput>ex /tmp/afmtodit.pl
:1c
#!/usr/bin/perl -P-
.
:wq</>
</screen>
</informalexample>

    <para>This tool will create the groff font file from the metrics
      file (<filename>.afm</filename> suffix.) Continuing with our
      example:</para>

<informalexample>
<screen>
<lineannotation>Many <filename>.afm</> files are in Mac format&hellip ^M delimited lines
We need to convert them to unix style ^J delimited lines</>
bash$ <userinput>cd /tmp</>
bash$ <userinput>cat /usr/local/share/fonts/type1/showboat.afm |


<lineannotation>Now create the groff font file</>
bash$ <userinput>cd /usr/share/groff_font/devps</>
bash$ <userinput>/tmp/afmtodit.pl -d DESC -e text.enc /tmp/showboat.afm generate/textmap SHOWBOAT</>
</screen>
</informalexample>

    <para>The font can now be referenced with the name
      SHOWBOAT.</para>

    <para>If ghostscript is used to drive the printers on the system,
      then nothing more needs to be done.  However, if true postscript
      printers are used, then the font must be down loaded to the
      printer in order for the font to be used (unless the printer
      happens to have the showboat font built in or on an accessible
      font disk.) The final step is to create a down loadable font.
      The <command>pfbtops</> tool is used to create the
      <filename>.pfa</filename> format of the font, and the
      <filename>download</> file is modified to reference the new
      font.  The <filename>download</> file must reference the
      internal name of the font.  This can easily be determined from
      the groff font file as illustrated:</para>

<informalexample>
<screen>
<lineannotation>Create the <filename>.pfa</> font file</>
bash$ <userinput>pfbtops /usr/local/share/fonts/type1/showboat.pfb &gt;showboat.pfa</></screen>
</informalexample>

    <para>Of course, if the <filename>.pfa</filename> file is already
      available, just use a symbolic link to reference it.</para>

<informalexample>
<screen>
<lineannotation>Get the internal font name</>
bash$ <userinput>fgrep internalname SHOWBOAT</>
internalname Showboat


:$a
Showboat      showboat.pfa
.
:wq</>
</screen>
</informalexample>

    <para>To test the font:</para>

<informalexample>
<screen>
bash$ <userinput>cd /tmp</>
bash$ <userinput>cat &gt;example.t &lt;&lt;EOF
.sp 5
.ps 16

bash$ <userinput>ghostview example.ps</>

<lineannotation>To print it</>
bash$ <userinput>lpr -Ppostscript example.ps</>
</screen>
</informalexample>

    <para>References:
      <filename>/usr/src/gnu/usr.bin/groff/afmtodit/afmtodit.man</filename>,
      &man.groff.font.5;, &man.groff.char.7;, &man.pfbtops.1;.</para>
  </sect1>
&man.pfbtops.1;.</para>
  
</sect1>

  <sect1>
    <title>Converting TrueType fonts to a groff/postscript format for


    <para>This potentially requires a bit of work, simply because it
      depends on some utilities that are not installed as part of the
      base system.  They are:</para>

    <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
	<term><command>ttf2pf</command></term>

	<listitem>
	  <para>TrueType to postscript convertsion utilities.  This
	    allows conversion of a TrueType font to an ascii font
	    metric (<filename>.afm</filename>) file.</para>

	  <para>Currently available at <ulink
	      url="http://sunsite.icm.edu.pl/pub/GUST/contrib/BachoTeX98/ttf2pf/">http://sunsite.icm.edu.pl/pub/GUST/contrib/BachoTeX98/ttf2pf</ulink>.
	    Note: These files are postscript programs and must be
	    downloaded to disk by holding down the
	    <keycap>Shift</keycap> key when clicking on the link.
	    Otherwise, your browser may try to launch
	    <application>ghostview</application> to view them.</para>

	  <para>The files of interest are:</para>

	  <para>The funny upper/lower case is due to their being
	    intended also for DOS shells.
	    <filename>ttf2pf.ps</filename> makes use of the others as
	    upper case, so any renaming must be consistent with this.
	    (Actually, <filename>GS_TTF.PS</filename> and
	    <filename>PFS2AFM.PS</filename> are supposedly part of the
	    ghostscript distribution, but it's just as easy to use
	    these as an isolated utility.  FreeBSD doesn't seem to


	<listitem>
	  <para>Creates font files for use with groff from ascii font
	    metrics file.  This usually resides in the directory,
	    <filename>/usr/src/contrib/groff/afmtodit</filename>, and
	    requires some work to get going.</para>


	      location.</para>
	  </note>

	  <para>In the work area, you'll need to make the utility.
	    Just type:</para>

<screen>
<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>make -f Makefile.sub afmtodit</userinput>
</screen>

	  <para>You may also need to copy
	    <filename>/usr/contrib/groff/devps/generate/textmap</filename>

	<para>Create the <filename>.afm</filename> file by
	  typing:</para>

<screen>
<prompt>%</prompt> <userinput>gs <optional>-dNODISPLAY</optional> <optional>-q</optional> -- ttf2pf.ps <replaceable>TTF_name</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>PS_font_name</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>AFM_name</replaceable></optional></optional></userinput>
</screen>

	<para>Where, <replaceable>TTF_name</replaceable> is your
	  TrueType font file, <replaceable>PS_font_name</replaceable>


	<para>This also produces a <filename>.pfa</filename> file, the
	  ascii postscript font metrics file
	  (<filename>.pfb</filename> is for the binrary form).  This
	  won't be needed, but could (I think) be useful for a
	  fontserver.</para>

	<para>For example, to convert the 30f9 Barcode font using the
	  default file names, use the following command:</para>

<screen>
<prompt>%</prompt> <userinput>gs -dNODISPLAY -- ttf2pf.ps 3of9.ttf</userinput>
Aladdin Ghostscript 5.10 (1997-11-23)
Copyright (C) 1997 Aladdin Enterprises, Menlo Park, CA.  All rights reserved.
This software comes with NO WARRANTY: see the file PUBLIC for details.
Converting 3of9.ttf to 3of9.pfa and 3of9.afm.
</screen>

	<para>If you want the converted fonts to be stored in
	  <filename>A.pfa</filename> and <filename>B.afm</filename>,
	  then use this command:</para>

<screen>
<prompt>%</prompt> <userinput>gs -dNODISPLAY -- ttf2pf.ps 3of9.ttf A B</userinput>
Aladdin Ghostscript 5.10 (1997-11-23)
Copyright (C) 1997 Aladdin Enterprises, Menlo Park, CA.  All rights reserved.
This software comes with NO WARRANTY: see the file PUBLIC for details.
Converting 3of9.ttf to A.pfa and B.afm.
</screen>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>


	<para>Change directories to
	  <filename>/usr/share/groff_font/devps</filename> so as to
	  make the following command easier to execute.  You'll
	  probably need root priviledges for this.  (Or, if you're
	  paranoid about working there, make sure you reference the
	  files <filename>DESC</filename>,
	  <filename>text.enc</filename> and
	  <filename>generate/textmap</filename> as being in this
	  directory.)</para>

<screen>
<prompt>%</prompt> <userinput>afmtodit -d DESC -e text.enc file.afm \
	    generate/textmap <replaceable>PS_font_name</replaceable></userinput>
</screen>

	<para>Where, <filename>file.afm</filename> is the
	  <replaceable>AFM_name</replaceable> created by
	  <command>ttf2pf.ps</command> above, and
	  <replaceable>PS_font_name</replaceable> is the font name
	  used from that command, as well as the name that
	  &man.groff.1; will use for references to this font.  For
	  example, assuming you used the first
	  <command>tiff2pf.ps</command> command above, then the 3of9
	  Barcode font can be created using the command:</para>
	  command:</para>

<screen>
<prompt>%</prompt> <userinput>afmtodit -d DESC -e text.enc 3of9.afm \
                 generate/textmap 3of9</userinput>
</screen>

	<para>Ensure that the resulting
	  <replaceable>PS_font_name</replaceable> file (e.g.,

	  <filename>.afm</filename> file prior to running
	  <command>afmtodit</command>.  This name must also match the
	  one used in the Fontmap file if you wish to pipe
	  &man.groff.1; into &man.gs.1;.</para>
	  &man.gs.1;.</para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
  </sect1>

  <sect1>
    <title>Can TrueType fonts be used with other programs?</title>

    <para>The TrueType font format is used by Windows, Windows 95, and
      Mac's.  It is quite popular and there are a great number of
      fonts available in this format.</para>

    <para>Unfortunately, there are few applications that I am aware of
      that can use this format: Ghostscript and Povray come to mind.
      Ghostscript's support, according to the documentation, is
      rudimentary and the results are likely to be inferior to type 1
      fonts.  Povray version 3 also has the ability to use TrueType
      fonts, but I rather doubt many people will be creating documents
      as a series of raytraced pages :-).</para>

    <para>This rather dismal situation may soon change.  The <ulink
	url="http://www.freetype.org/">FreeType Project</ulink> is
      currently developing a useful set of FreeType tools:</para>

    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
	<para>The <command>xfsft</command> font server for X11 can
	  serve TrueType fonts in addition to regular fonts.  Though
	  currently in beta, it is said to be quite useable.  See
	  <ulink
	    url="http://www.dcs.ed.ac.uk/home/jec/programs/xfsft/">Juliusz
	    Chroboczek's page</ulink> for further information.
	  Porting instructions for FreeBSD can be found at <ulink
	    url="http://math.missouri.edu/~stephen/software/">Stephen
	    Montgomery's software page</ulink>.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para><command>xfstt</command> is another font server for X11,
	  available under <ulink url="
	    ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/X11/fonts">
	    ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/X11/fonts</ulink>.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>A program called <command>ttf2bdf</command> can produce
	  BDF files suitable for use in an X environment from TrueType
	  files.  Linux binaries are said to be available from <ulink
	    url="ftp://crl.nmsu.edu/CLR/multiling/General">ftp://crl.nmsu.edu/CLR/multiling/General/</ulink>.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>For people requiring the use of Asian TrueType fonts,
	  the <command>XTT</command> font server may be worth a look.
	  Information about <command>XTT</command> can be found at
	  URL: <ulink
	    url="http://hawk.ise.chuo-u.ac.jp/student/person/tshiozak/study/freebsd-at-random/x-tt/index-en.html">http://hawk.ise.chuo-u.ac.jp/student/person/tshiozak/study/freebsd-at-random/x-tt/index-en.html</ulink>.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>and others &hellip;</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>

    <para>The <ulink
	url="http://www.freetype.org/projects.htm">FreeType Projects
	page </ulink> is a good starting point for information on
      these and other free TrueType projects.</para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1>
    <title>Where can additional fonts be obtained?</title>

    <para>Many fonts are available on the Internet.  They are either
      entirely free, or are share-ware.  In addition, there are many
      inexpensive CDROMs available that contain many fonts.  Some
      Internet locations (as of August 1996) are:</para>

    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
	<para><ulink
	    url="ftp://ftp.winsite.com">ftp://ftp.winsite.com</ulink>
	  (Formerly CICA)</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para><ulink
	    url="http://www.simtel.net/simcgi-bin/dosfind.cgi">http://www.simtel.net/simcgi-bin/dosfind.cgi</ulink></para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para><ulink
	    url="ftp://ftp.coast.net/">ftp://ftp.coast.net/</ulink></para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para><ulink
	    url="http://af-pc-plloyd.ecel.uwa.edu.au/fonts/index.html">http://af-pc-plloyd.ecel.uwa.edu.au/fonts/index.html</ulink></para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para><ulink
	    url="http://www.esselte.com/letraset/index.html">http://www.esselte.com/letraset/index.html</ulink></para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para><ulink
	    url="http://www.inil.com/users/elfring/esf.htm">http://www.inil.com/users/elfring/esf.htm</ulink></para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
  </sect1>

  <sect1>
    <title>Additional questions</title>

    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
	<para>What use are the <filename>.pfm</filename> files?</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>Can one generate the <filename>.afm</filename> file from
	  a <filename>.pfa</filename> or
	  <filename>.pfb</filename>?</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>How to generate the groff character mapping files for
	  postscript fonts with non-standard character names?</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>Can xditview and devX?? devices be setup to access all
	  the new fonts?</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
	<para>It would be good to have examples of using TrueType
	  fonts with povray and ghostscript.</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
  </sect1>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>The <command>xfsft</command> font server for X11 can serve 
TrueType fonts in addition to regular fonts.  Though currently in 
beta, it is said to be quite useable.  See <ulink 
url="http://www.dcs.ed.ac.uk/home/jec/programs/xfsft/">Juliusz 
Chroboczek's page</ulink> for further information.  Porting instructions
for FreeBSD can be found at <ulink 
url="http://math.missouri.edu/~stephen/software/">Stephen Montgomery's
software page</ulink>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><command>xfstt</command> is another font
server for X11, available under <ulink 
url=" ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/X11/fonts">
ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/X11/fonts</ulink>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>A program called <command>ttf2bdf</command> can produce
BDF files suitable for use in an X environment from TrueType files.  Linux
binaries are said to be available from <ulink 
url="ftp://crl.nmsu.edu/CLR/multiling/General">ftp://crl.nmsu.edu/CLR/multiling/General/</ulink>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
For people requiring the use of Asian TrueType fonts, the
<command>XTT</command> font server may be worth a look.  Information about 
<command>XTT</command> can be found at URL: <ulink 
url="http://hawk.ise.chuo-u.ac.jp/student/person/tshiozak/study/freebsd-at-random/x-tt/index-en.html">http://hawk.ise.chuo-u.ac.jp/student/person/tshiozak/study/freebsd-at-random/x-tt/index-en.html</ulink>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>and others &hellip;</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>
The 
<ulink url="http://www.freetype.org/projects.htm">FreeType Projects page
</ulink> is a good starting point for information on these and other
free TrueType projects.
</para>
</sect1>

<sect1>
<title>Where can additional fonts be obtained?</title>

<para>Many fonts are available on the Internet.  They are either
entirely free, or are share-ware.  In addition, there are many
inexpensive CDROMs available that contain many fonts.  Some Internet
locations (as of August 1996) are:
</para>
<itemizedlist>

<listitem><para><ulink
url="ftp://ftp.winsite.com">ftp://ftp.winsite.com</ulink> (Formerly
CICA)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para><ulink
url="http://www.simtel.net/simcgi-bin/dosfind.cgi">http://www.simtel.net/simcgi-bin/dosfind.cgi</ulink></para></listitem>

<listitem><para><ulink
url="ftp://ftp.coast.net/">ftp://ftp.coast.net/</ulink></para></listitem>

<listitem><para><ulink
url="http://af-pc-plloyd.ecel.uwa.edu.au/fonts/index.html">http://af-pc-plloyd.ecel.uwa.edu.au/fonts/index.html</ulink></para></listitem>

<listitem><para><ulink
url="http://www.esselte.com/letraset/index.html">http://www.esselte.com/letraset/index.html</ulink></para></listitem>

<listitem><para><ulink
url="http://www.inil.com/users/elfring/esf.htm">http://www.inil.com/users/elfring/esf.htm</ulink></para></listitem>

</itemizedlist>
  
</sect1>

<sect1>
<title>Additional questions</title>

<itemizedlist>

<listitem>
<para>What use are the <filename>.pfm</filename> files?</para>
</listitem>

<listitem>
<para>Can one generate the <filename>.afm</filename> file from a <filename>.pfa</filename> or <filename>.pfb</filename>?</para>
</listitem>

<listitem>
<para>How to generate the groff character mapping files for postscript fonts
with non-standard character names?</para>
</listitem>

<listitem>
<para>Can xditview and devX?? devices be setup to access all the new fonts?</para>
</listitem>

<listitem>
<para>It would be good to have examples of using TrueType fonts with povray and
ghostscript.</para>
</listitem>

</itemizedlist>
  
</sect1>
</article>

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