Attachment 81060 Details for Bug 116117 – file.txt

file.txt

file.txt (text/plain), 87.04 KB, created by Wei-Hao Syu on 2007-09-05 12:20:14 UTC

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Creator: Wei-Hao Syu

Created: 2007-09-05 12:20:14 UTC

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obsolete

>
>
><chapter id="basics">
>  <chapterinfo>
>    <authorgroup>
>      <author>
>        <firstname>Chris</firstname>
>	<surname>Shumway</surname>
>	<contrib>Rewritten by </contrib>
>      </author>
>    </authorgroup>
>    
>  </chapterinfo>
>
>  <title>UNIX °òÂ¦·§©À</title>
>  
>  <sect1 id="basics-synopsis">
>    <title>·§z</title>
>
>   <para>±µ¤U¨Óªº³o¤@³¹±N²[»\ FreeBSD §@·~¨t²Îªº°ò¥»«ü¥O¤Î¥\¯à¡C
>	¤j³¡¥÷ªº¤º®e¦b &unix;-like §@·~¨t²Î¤¤³£¬O¬Û³qªº¡C
>	¦pªG±z¹ï³o¨Ç¤º®e¼ô±xªº¸Ü¡A¥i¥H©ñ¤ßªº¸õ¹L¡C
>	¦pªG±zè±µÄ² FreeBSD ¡A¨º±z¤@©wn¥J²ÓªºÅª§¹³o³¹¡C</para>
>
>    <para>Åª§¹³o¤@³¹¡A±z±N·|¤F¸Ñ:</para>
>
>    <itemizedlist>
>      <listitem>
>        <para>¦p¦ó¨Ï¥Î FreeBSD ªº<quote>virtual consoles</quote>¡C</para>
>      </listitem>
>      <listitem>
>	<para>&unix; ÀÉ®×Åv¹B§@ªº¤è¦¡¥H¤Î &os; ¤¤ÀÉ®×ªº flags¡C</para>
>      </listitem>
>      <listitem>
>	<para>¹w³]ªº &os; ÀÉ®×¨t²Î°t¸m¡C</para>
>      </listitem>
>      <listitem>
>	<para>&os; ªººÏºÐµ²ºc¡C</para>
>      </listitem>
>      <listitem>
>	<para>¦p¦ó±¾¸ü(mount)¡B¨ø¸ü(umount)ÀÉ®×¨t²Î</para>
>      </listitem>
>      <listitem>
>	<para>¤°»ò¬Oprocesses¡Bdaemons ¥H¤Î signals ¡C</para>
>      </listitem>
>      <listitem>
>	<para>¤°»ò¬O shell ¡A¥H¤Î¦p¦óÅÜ§ó±z¹w³]ªºµn¤JÀô¹Ò¡C</para>
>      </listitem>
>      <listitem>
>	<para>¦p¦ó¨Ï¥Î°ò¥»ªº¤å¦r½s¿è¾¹¡C</para>
>      </listitem>
>      <listitem>
>	<para>¤°»ò¬O devices ©M device nodes ¡C</para>
>      </listitem>
>      <listitem>
>	<para>&os; ¤U¨Ï¥Îªº binary ®æ¦¡¡C</para>
>      </listitem>
>      <listitem>
>	<para>¦p¦ó¾\Åª manual pages ¥HÀò±o§ó¦hªº¸ê°T¡C</para>
>      </listitem>
>    </itemizedlist>
>
>  </sect1>
>
>  <sect1 id="consoles">
>    <title>Virtual Consoles ©M²×ºÝ¾÷</title>
>    <indexterm><primary>virtual consoles</primary></indexterm>
>    <indexterm><primary>terminals</primary></indexterm>
>
>    <para> ¦³«Ü¦h¤èªk¥i¥H¾Þ§@ FreeBSD ¡A¨ä¤¤¤@ºØ´N¬O¦b¤å¦r²×ºÝ¾÷¤W¥´¦r¡C
>	  ¦p¦¹¨Ï¥Î FreeBSD §Y¥i»´©öªºÅé·|¨ì &unix; §@·~¨t²Îªº«Â¤O©M¼u©Ê¡C
>	  ³o¤@¸`´yz¤°»ò¬O<quote>²×ºÝ¾÷</quote>©M 
>      <quote>console</quote>¡A¥H¤Î¥i¥H¦p¦ó¦b FreeBSD ¤¤¹B¥Î¥¦Ì¡C</para>
>
>    <sect2 id="consoles-intro">
>      <title>The Console</title>
>      <indexterm><primary>console</primary></indexterm>
>
>      <para>¦pªG±z¨S¦³±N FreeBSD ³]©w¦¨¶}¾÷®É¦Û°Ê¶i¤J¹Ï§Î¤Æ¼Ò¦¡¡A¨t²Î·|¦b±Ò°Êªº
>	script ¶]§¹¤§«áÅã¥Üµn¤Jªº´£¥Ü²Å¸¹¡C ±z±N·|¬Ý¨ì¹³¬O³o¼ËªºªF¦è¡G</para>
>
>      <screen>Additional ABI support:.
>Local package initialization:.
>Additional TCP options:.
>
>Fri Sep 20 13:01:06 EEST 2002
>
>FreeBSD/i386 (pc3.example.org) (ttyv0)
>
>login:</screen>
>
>      <para>³oÓ°T®§¦b±zªº¨t²Î¤W·|¦³¨Ç³\ªº¤£¦P¡A¦ý¬OÀ³¸Ó·|¬Ý¨ìÃþ¦üªºªF¦è¡C
>	    §ÚÌ·P¿³½ìªº¬O³Ì«á¨â¦æ¡A³Ì«á¨â¦æ¬O¡G</para>
>
>      <programlisting>FreeBSD/i386 (pc3.example.org) (ttyv0)</programlisting>
>
>      <para>³o¦æ¥]§t¤Fè¶}¾÷§¹¨t²Îªº¸ê°T¡C ±z¬Ý¨ìªº¬O¦b Intel ©Î¬Û®e³B²z¾¹ªº 
>	x86 ¬[ºc¤W°õ¦æªº <quote>FreeBSD</quote>ªº console<footnote>
>          <para>³o´N¬O <literal>i386</literal> ªº·N¸q¡C ª`·N§Y¨Ï±z¤£¬O¦b 
>	    Intel ªº 386 ³B²z¾¹¤W°õ¦æ FreeBSD ¡A¤@¼Ë¬O<literal>i386</literal>¡C
>            ³o¤£¬O«ü§Aªº³B²z¾¹ªº«¬¸¹¡A³o¸ÌÅã¥Üªº¬O§A³B²z¾¹ªº<quote>¬[ºc</quote>
>	    </para>
>          </footnote>¡C ³o¥x¾÷¾¹ªº¦W¦r (¨C¥x &unix; ¾÷¾¹³£¦³¤@Ó¦W¦r) ¬O 
>          <hostid>pc3.example.org</hostid>¡A¦Ó±z²{¦b¬Ý¨ìªº¬O¥¦ªº¨t²Î 
>          console&mdash; <devicename>ttyv0</devicename>²×ºÝ¾÷¡C</para>
>
>      <para>³Ì«áªº¤@¦æÀ³¸Ó³£·|¬O¡G</para>
>
>      <programlisting>login:</programlisting>
>
>      <para>³o¬O±zÀ³¸Ón¿é¤J±zªº<quote>±b¸¹¦WºÙ</quote>ªº¦a¤è¡C 
>        ¤U¤@¤p¸`±N§i¶D±z¦p¦óµn¤J FreeBSD¡C</para>
>    </sect2>
>
>    <sect2 id="consoles-login">
>      <title>µn¤J FreeBSD</title>
>
>      <para>FreeBSD ¬O¤@Ó multiuser¡Bmultiprocessing ªº¨t²Î¡C 
>        ³o¬O¤@Ó¥¿¦¡ªº¦WºÙ¡A«üªº¬O¦b³æ¤@¾÷¾¹¤W¥i¥H¦P®É³Q¤£¦P¤H¨Ï¥Î¡A¦ý¦P®É¥i¥H°õ¦æ«Ü¦hµ{¦¡ªº¨t²Î¡C</para>
>
>      <para>¨C¤@ºØ¦h¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¨t²Î³£»Ýn¥i¥H¤À¿ë¤£¦P<quote>¨Ï¥ÎªÌ</quote>ªº¤èªk¡C
>        ¦b FreeBSD (¥H¤Î©Ò¦³ªº &unix;-like §@·~¨t²Î) 
>        ¤¤¡A©Ò¦³ªº¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¦b°õ¦æµ{¦¡¤§«e¥²¶·¥ý<quote>µn¤J</quote>¨t²Î¡C 
>	¨CÓ¨Ï¥ÎªÌ³£¦³¤@²Õ¿W¯Sªº±b¸¹¦WºÙ
>        (<quote>username</quote>)¤Î±K½X(<quote>password</quote>)¡C
>        FreeBSD ¦b¤¹³\¨Ï¥ÎªÌ°õ¦æµ{¦¡«e±N·|¥ý°Ý³o¨âÓ°ÝÃD¡C</para>
>
>      <indexterm><primary>startup scripts</primary></indexterm>
>      <para>¦b FreeBSD ¶}¾÷¨Ã¶]§¹°_°Êªº script ¤§«á<footnote>
>        <para>³o¨Ç°_°Êªº script ¬O¦b¶}¾÷ªº®ÉÔ FreeBSD ·|¦Û°Ê°õ¦æªºµ{¦¡¡C
>         ¥LÌ¥Dnªº¥\¯à¬O±N©Ò¦³¸Ó°õ¦æªºªF¦è³]©w¦n¡A¨Ã±N±z³]©w¦¨I´º°õ¦æªºªA°È±Ò°Ê¡C
>	 </para>
>      </footnote>¡A¥¦±N·|¦L¥X´£¥Ü¦r¤¸n¨D±z¿é¤J¥¿½Tªº±b¸¹¦WºÙ¡G</para>
>
>      <screen>login:</screen>
>
>      <para>¦b³oÓ½d¨Ò¸Ì¡A§ÚÌ°²³]±zªº±b¸¹¬O<username>john</username>¡C 
>        ¦b´£¥Ü¦r¤¸³B¿é¤J
>	<literal>john</literal> ¨Ã«ö¤U <keycap>Enter</keycap>¡C
>	±µµÛ±zÀ³¸Ó·|¬Ý¨ì¥t¤@Ó´£¥Ü¦r¤¸n±z¿é¤J<quote>±K½X</quote>¡G
>      </para>
>
>      <screen>login: <userinput>john</userinput>
>Password:</screen>
>
>      <para>¿é¤J <username>john</username> ªº±K½X¡A¦A«ö¤U 
>	<keycap>Enter</keycap>¡C
>	¿é¤Jªº±K½X <emphasis>¤£·|Åã¥Ü¦b¿Ã¹õ¤W</emphasis>¡C
>	±z¤£»Ýn¬°¦¹¾á¤ß¡A³o¼Ë°µ¬O¬°¤F¦w¥þ¤Wªº°ÝÃD¡C</para>
>
>      <para>¦pªG±z¿é¤J¤F¥¿½Tªº±K½X¡A±zÀ³¸Ó¤w¸gµn¤J FreeBSD¡C
>	²{¦b´N¥i¥H¹Á¸Õ©Ò¦³¥i¥Îªº«ü¥O¤F¡C</para>
>
>      <para>±zÀ³¸Ó·|¬Ý¨ì<acronym>MOTD</acronym> 
>        (§Y¤µ¤é°T®§¡BMessages Of The Day)¡A«á±±µµÛ©R¥O´£¥Ü¦r¤¸
>        (¤@Ó <literal>#</literal>,<literal>$</literal>, ©Î¬O 
>	<literal>%</literal> ¦r¤¸)¡C ³o´Nªí¥Ü±z¤w¸g¦¨¥\µn¤J 
>	FreeBSD ¤F¡C</para>
>    </sect2>
>
>    <sect2 id="consoles-virtual">
>      <title>¦h« Console</title>
>
>      <para>¦b¤@Ó Console ¤U°õ¦æ &unix; ·íµM¬O¨S¦³°ÝÃD¡AµM¦Ó
>        FreeBSD ¬O¥i¥H¦P®É°õ¦æ«Ü¦hµ{¦¡ªº¡C 
>        ¹³ FreeBSD ³o¼Ë¥i¥H¦P®É°õ¦æ¤@¤j°ïµ{¦¡ªº§@·~¨t²Î¡A¥u¦³¤@Ó
>        console ¥i¥H¿é¤J«ü¥O¹ê¦b¬O¦³ÂI®ö¶O¡C
>        ¦b¦¹<quote>virtual consoles</quote>´N«Ü¦³¥Î¤F¡C</para>
>
>      <para> FreeBSD ¥i¥H³Q³]©w¦¨¦P®É¦³«Ü¦h 
>        virtual console¡A¥Î´XÓ«öÁäªº²Õ¦X´N¥i¥H±q¤@Ó
>        virtual console ¸õ¨ì§Oªº virtual console ¥h¡C
>        ¨C¤@Ó console ³£¦³¦Û¤w¤£¦Pªº¿é¥XÀW¹D¡A ·í±q¬Y¤@Ó
>        virtual console ¤Á´«¨ì¤U¤@Óªº®ÉÔ¡AFreeBSD
>        ·|¾A·íªº³B²zÁä½L¿é¤J¤Î¿Ã¹õ¿é¥X¡C</para>
>          
>      <para>FreeBSD «O¯d¤F¯S§Oªº«öÁä²Õ¦X¨Ó¤Á´« console <footnote>
>        <para>¦b &man.syscons.4;¡B&man.atkbd.4;¡B&man.vidcontrol.1;¡B¥H¤Î
>          &man.kbdcontrol.1;µ¥ manual page ¤¤¡A¹ï©ó FreeBSD ªº console
>          ¤ÎÁä½LÅX°Êµ{¦¡¦³¸Ô²Óªº§Þ³N»¡©ú¡C §ÚÌ¦b³o¸Ì¤£°Q½×²Ó¸`¡A¦³¿³½ìªºÅªªÌÀH®É¥i¥H¦b 
>          manual page ¤¤¬d¨ìÃö©ó¹B§@¤è¦¡ªº§ó¸Ô²Ó¥B§¹¾ãªº¸ÑÄÀ¡C</para>
>	    </footnote>¡C ±z¥i¥H¥Î
>        <keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F1</keycap></keycombo>¡B
>        <keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F2</keycap></keycombo>¡B¨ì
>        <keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F8</keycap></keycombo>
>	¨Ó¤Á´« FreeBSD ªº¤£¦P console¡C </para>
>    
>      <para> ·í±z±q¤@Ó console ¤Á´«¨ì¤U¤@Óªº®ÉÔ¡AFreeBSD 
>	·|³B²z¿Ã¹õ¿é¥XªºÀx¦s¤Î¦^´_¡C
>	³o´N<quote>¦n¹³</quote>¦³«Ü¦h<quote>µêÀÀ</quote>ªº¿Ã¹õ©MÁä½L¥i¥HÅý±z¿é¤J«ü¥Oµ¹ 
>        FreeBSD °õ¦æ¡C ¦b¬Y¤@Ó console ¤W°õ¦æªºµ{¦¡¨Ã¤£·|¦]¬°¤Á¨ì§Oªº console
>        ¦Ó°±¤î°õ¦æ¡A·í±z¤Á´«¨ì¥t¤@Ó console ªº®ÉÔ¡A¥LÌ·|Ä~Äò°õ¦æ¡C</para>
>    </sect2>
>
>    <sect2 id="consoles-ttys">
>      <title><filename>/etc/ttys</filename> ÀÉ</title>
>
>      <para>FreeBSD ¹w³]ªºµêÀÀ console Á`¦@¦³ 8 Ó¡A
>        ¦ý³o¨Ã«Dµw©Ê³W©w¡A±z¥i»´ÃP³]©w³o¨ÇµêÀÀ console ªº¼Æ¶q¼W´î¡C 
>	¦³ÃöµêÀÀ console ªº½s¸¹¸ò³]©w³£¦b 
>	<filename>/etc/ttys</filename> ³oÀÉ®×¤º³]©w¡C</para>
>
>      <para>¥i¥H¥Î <filename>/etc/ttys</filename> ÀÉ®×¨Ó³]©w
>	FreeBSD ªºµêÀÀ console¡C ÀÉ®×¤º¨C¦æ«Dµù¸Ñ¤å¦r(¸Ó¦æ¶}ÀY¨S¦³ 
>	<literal>#</literal> ³o¦r)³£¬O³]©w²×ºÝ¾÷©ÎµêÀÀ console¡C
>	FreeBSD ¹w³]¦³ 9 ÓµêÀÀ console ¦ý¥u±Ò°Ê 8 Ó¡A¤]´N¬O¥H¤U¥H
>	<literal>ttyv</literal>	¶}ÀYªº¨º´X¦æ³]©w¡C</para>
>
>      <programlisting># name  getty                           type    status          comments
>#
>ttyv0   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
># Virtual terminals
>ttyv1   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
>ttyv2   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
>ttyv3   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
>ttyv4   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
>ttyv5   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
>ttyv6   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
>ttyv7   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
>ttyv8   "/usr/X11R6/bin/xdm -nodaemon"  xterm   off secure</programlisting>
>
>      <para>¦³Ãö³oÀÉ¨CÄæ¦ìªº³]©w»P¨ä¥L¿ï¶µ¡A½Ð°Ñ¾\ 
>	&man.ttys.5; »¡©ú¡C</para>
>    </sect2>
>
>    <sect2 id="consoles-singleuser">
>      <title>Single User ¼Ò¦¡ªº Console</title>
>
>      <para>¦³Ãö <quote>single user ¼Ò¦¡</quote> ªº¤¶²Ð¦b 
>	<xref linkend="boot-singleuser">
>        ³oÃä¦³¸ÔºÉ¤¶²Ð¡C  ¦b single user ¼Ò¦¡®É¡A¯à°÷¨Ï¥Îªº console 
>	¥u¦³¤@Ó¡A¨ÃµLµêÀÀ console ¥i¥Î¡C ¦Ó single user ¼Ò¦¡¬ÛÃö³]©wÈ¥i¥H¦b
>	<filename>/etc/ttys</filename> ÀÉ°µ½Õ¾ã¡C ¤U±¥H 
>	<literal>console</literal> ¶}ÀYªº¨º¦æ¡A´N¬O¤F¡G</para>
>
>      <programlisting># name  getty                           type    status          comments
>#
># If console is marked "insecure", then init will ask for the root password
># when going to single-user mode.
>console none                            unknown off secure</programlisting>
>
>      <note>
>        <para>¦b <literal>console</literal> ¨º¦æ«e±ªºµù¸Ñ¦³´£¨ì¡A¥i¥H§â¨º¦æªº
>	  <literal>secure</literal> §ï¬° <literal>insecure</literal>¡A
>	  ¦p¦¹¤@¨Ó¡A§Y¨Ï FreeBSD ¶i¤J single user ¼Ò¦¡¡A
>	  ¤´·|n¨D±z¿é¤J <username>root</username> ªº±K½X¡C</para>
>
>	<para><emphasis>½Ð¼f·V¦Ò¼{¬O§_n§ï¬° 
>	  <literal>insecure</literal></emphasis>¡C  ¦]¬°¸U¤@§Ñ°O 
>	  <username>root</username> ±K½Xªº¸Ü¡AYnµn¤J single user 
>	  ¼Ò¦¡´N¦³¨Ç³Â·Ð¤F¡C¾¨ºÞÁÙ¦³¨ä¥L¤è¦¡¥i¥Hµn¤J¡A¦ý¹ï¤£¼ô FreeBSD
>	  ¶}¾÷µ{§Çªº¤H¦Ó¨¥¡A´N·|¬Û·í´Æ¤â¡C
>	  </para>
>      </note>
>    </sect2>
>  </sect1>
>
>  <sect1 id="permissions">
>    <title>Åv</title>
>    <indexterm><primary>UNIX</primary></indexterm>
>
>    <para>FreeBSD ·½¦Û©ó BSD &unix;¡AÄ~©Ó¤F´XÓ«nªº &unix; ·§©À¡C
>      º¥ý¤]³Ì©úÅã¡A¥¦¬O¤@´Ú multi-user §@·~¨t²Î¡C
>      ¥¦¥i¥H¦P®É³B²z¦h¤H¦h¤u¡At³d¹ý©³ªº¤À¨É»PºÞ²z¨Ó¦Û¨C¦ì¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¹ï
>      µwºÐ¸Ë¸m¡B¶gÃä³]³Æ¡B°O¾ÐÅé¤Î CPU ®É¶¡ªºn¨D¡C</para>
>
>    <para>¤]¦]¬°¨t²Î¯à°÷¤ä´©¦h¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¡A©Ò¥H¨t²ÎºÞ²zªº¤@¤Á³£¦³Åv
>      ¨Ó¨M©w½Ö¥i¥HÅª¨ú¡B¼g¤J©Î°õ¦æ¸ê·½¡C
>      ³o¨ÇÅv¤À§O¨Ï¥Î¤T²Õ¤K¶i¦ìªº¼Æ¦rÀx¦s¡A¤@²Õ¥NªíÀÉ®×ªº©Ò¦³ªÌ
>      ¡A¤@²Õ¥NªíÀÉ®×©ÒÄÝªº¸s²Õ¡A¦Ó³Ì«á¤@²Õ«h¥Nªí¨ä¥L©Ò¦³¤H¡C
>      ªí¥Ü³o¨Ç¼Æ¦rªº¤è¦¡¦p¤U:</para>
>
>    <indexterm><primary>permissions</primary></indexterm>
>    <indexterm>
>      <primary>file permissions</primary>
>    </indexterm>
>    <informaltable frame="none" pgwide="1">
>      <tgroup cols="3">
>	<thead>
>	  <row>
>	    <entry>È</entry>
>	    <entry>Åv</entry>
>	    <entry>¥Ø¿ýÅã¥Ü</entry>
>	  </row>
>	</thead>
>
>	<tbody>
>	  <row>
>	    <entry>0</entry>
>	    <entry>¤£¥iÅª¨ú, ¤£¥i¼g¤J, ¤£¥i°õ¦æ</entry>
>	    <entry><literal>---</literal></entry>
>	  </row>
>
>	  <row>
>	    <entry>1</entry>
>	    <entry>¤£¥iÅª¨ú, ¤£¥i¼g¤J, ¥i°õ¦æ</entry>
>	    <entry><literal>--x</literal></entry>
>	  </row>
>
>	  <row>
>	    <entry>2</entry>
>	    <entry>¤£¥iÅª¨ú, ¥i¼g¤J, ¤£¥i°õ¦æ</entry>
>	    <entry><literal>-w-</literal></entry>
>	  </row>
>
>	  <row>
>	    <entry>3</entry>
>	    <entry>¤£¥iÅª¨ú, ¥i¼g¤J, ¥i°õ¦æ</entry>
>	    <entry><literal>-wx</literal></entry>
>	  </row>
>
>	  <row>
>	    <entry>4</entry>
>	    <entry>¥iÅª¨ú, ¤£¥i¼g¤J, ¤£¥i°õ¦æ</entry>
>	    <entry><literal>r--</literal></entry>
>	  </row>
>
>	  <row>
>	    <entry>5</entry>
>	    <entry>¥iÅª¨ú, ¤£¥i¼g¤J, ¥i°õ¦æ</entry>
>	    <entry><literal>r-x</literal></entry>
>	  </row>
>
>	  <row>
>	    <entry>6</entry>
>	    <entry>¥iÅª¨ú, ¥i¼g¤J, ¤£¥i°õ¦æ</entry>
>	    <entry><literal>rw-</literal></entry>
>	  </row>
>
>	  <row>
>	    <entry>7</entry>
>	    <entry>¥iÅª¨ú, ¥i¼g¤J, ¥i°õ¦æ</entry>
>	    <entry><literal>rwx</literal></entry>
>	  </row>
>	</tbody>
>      </tgroup>
>    </informaltable>
>    <indexterm>
>      <primary><command>ls</command></primary>
>    </indexterm>
>    <indexterm><primary>directories</primary></indexterm>
>
>    <para>¨Ï¥Î«ü¥O &man.ls.1; ±z¥i¥H¥Î <option>-l</option> °µ¬°¨ä°Ñ¼Æ¡A
>      ¨ÓÀËµø¸Ô²Óªº¥Ø¿ý²M³æ¡C
>      ²M³æ¤¤Äæ¦ìªº¸ê°T¥]§tÀÉ®×¹ï©Ò¦³ªÌ¡B¸s²Õ¤Î¨ä¥L¤HªºÅv¡C
>      ¦bÀH«K¤@Ó¥Ø¿ý©³¤U°õ¦æ <command>ls -l</command>¡A·|Åã¥Ü¦p¤Uªºµ²ªG:
>      </para>
>
>    <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>ls -l</userinput>
>total 530
>-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel     512 Sep  5 12:31 myfile
>-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel     512 Sep  5 12:31 otherfile
>-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel    7680 Sep  5 12:31 email.txt
>..</screen>
>
>    <para>¦b³o¸Ì§i©Ò±z¸Ó¦p¦ó°Ï¤À <command>ls -l</command> 
>      ²Ä¤@Äæ·í¤¤ªº¸ê°T:</para>
>
>    <screen>-rw-r--r--</screen>
>
>    <para>²Ä¤@Ó (³Ì¥ªÃä) ªº¦r¤¸¥Î¨Óªí¥Ü³oÓÀÉ®×ªºÃþ«¬¬°¦ó¡A
>      °£¼Ð·ÇÀÉ®×¥H¥~¡A©|¦³¥Ø¿ý¡B¯S®í¦r¤¸¸Ë¸m (Special character device)¡B
>      Socket ¤Î¨ä¥L¯S®íµêÀÀÀÉ®×¸Ë¸m (Special pseudo-file device)¡A
>      ¦b¦¹¨Ò·í¤¤¡A<literal>-</literal> ªí¥Ü¸ÓÀÉ®×¬°¤@Ó¼Ð·ÇªºÀÉ®×¡C
>      ½d¨Ò¤¤±µ¤U¨Óªº¤TÓ¦r¤¸¤¤¡A<literal>rw-</literal>
>      ¥Nªí©Ò¦³ªÌ¹ïÀÉ®×¾Ö¦³ªºÅv¡C ¦A±µ¤U¨Óªº¤TÓ¦r¤¸¡A
>      <literal>r--</literal> «h¥Nªí¸s²Õ¹ïÀÉ®×¾Ö¦³ªºÅv¡A
>      ³Ì«á¤TÓ¦r¤¸¡A<literal>r--</literal> «h¥Nªí¨ä¥L¤H¹ïÀÉ®×¾Ö¦³ªºÅv¡C
>      ¯}§é¸¹ (-) ªí¥Ü¨S¦³Åv¡A½d¨Ò¤¤ªº³oÓÀÉ®×ªºÅv¡A
>      ¥u¤¹³\©Ò¦³ªÌÅª¨ú¡B¼g¤JÀÉ®×¡A¸s²Õ¥H¤Î¨ä¥L¤H¶È¯àÅª¨úÀÉ®×¡C
>      ®Ú¾Ú¥H¤Wªºªí®æ¡A¦¹ºØÅvªºÀÉ®×¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î <literal>644</literal> ¨Óªí¥Ü¡A
>      ¨C²Õ¼Æ¦r¤À§O¥NªíÀÉ®×ªº¤TºØÅv¡C</para>
>
>    <para>¥H¤W¬O¤£¿ùªº¤è¦¡¡A¦ý¨t²Î¸Ó¦p¦ó±±¨î¸Ë¸mªºÅv¡H ¹ê»Ú¤W FreeBSD
>      ¹ï¤j¦hªºµwºÐ¸Ë¸m´N¦p¦PÀÉ®×¡Aµ{¦¡¥i¥H¶}±Ò¡BÅª¨ú¥H¤Î¼g¤J¸ê®Æ¦p¤@¯ëÀÉ®×¡C
>      ³o¨Ç¯S®í¸Ë¸mÀÉ®× (Special device file) ³£Àx¦s©ó <filename>/dev</filename> 
>      ¥Ø¿ý¤¤¡C</para>
>
>    <para>
>      ¥Ø¿ý¤]¦P¦pÀÉ®×¡A¾Ö¦³Åª¨ú¡B¼g¤J¤Î°õ¦æªºÅv¡A¦ý¦b°õ¦æÅv¤W»PÀÉ®×¦³©úÅãªº®t²§¡C
>      ·í¥Ø¿ý³Q¼Ð¥Ü¬°¥i°õ¦æ®É¡A¥Nªí¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î <quote>cd</quote> 
>      (§ó§ï¥Ø¿ý) ¶i¤J¸Ó¥Ø¿ý¡C¤]¥Nªí¯à°÷¦s¨ú¦b¦¹¥Ø¿ý¤§¤¤ªº¤wª¾ÀÉ¦WªºÀÉ®×
>      (·íµM¡AÀÉ®×¤´¾Ö¦³¦Û¤vªºÅv)</para>
>
>    <para>¤×¨ä¡An¯à°÷¦C¥X¥Ø¿ý¤º®e¡A¥²¶·¾Ö¦³¥Ø¿ýªºÅª¨úÅv¡C
>      ¦Ó·ín§R°£¤wª¾ÀÉ¦WªºÀÉ®×®É¡A¤]¥²¶·¾Ö¦³ÀÉ®×©Ò¦b¥Ø¿ýªº¼g¤J
>      <emphasis>¥H¤Î</emphasis> °õ¦æªºÅv¡C</para>
>
>    <para>ÁÙ¦³¤@¨ÇÅv¡A¦ý³o¨ÇÅv¥Dn¦b¯S®í±¡ªp¨Ï¥Î¡A¦p setuid binaries 
>      ¤Î sticky directories¡C 
>      ¦pªG±zÁÙ·Qª¾¹D§ó¦hÀÉ®×Åvªº¸ê°T¤Î¨Ï¥Î¤èªk¡A½Ð°È¥²°Ñ¾\ 
>      &man.chmod.1; »¡©ú¤å¥ó¡C</para>
>
>    <sect2>
>      <sect2info>
>	<authorgroup>
>	  <author>
>	    <firstname>Tom</firstname>
>	    <surname>Rhodes</surname>
>	    <contrib>Contributed by </contrib>
>	  </author>
>	</authorgroup>
>      </sect2info>
>
>      <title>Åv²Å¸¹</title>
>      <indexterm><primary>permissions</primary><secondary>symbolic</secondary></indexterm>
>
>      <para>
>	Åv²Å¸¹¥iºÙ°µ²Å¸¹ªí¥Ü¡A¨Ï¥Î¦r¤¸ªº¤è¦¡¨Ó¨ú¥N¨Ï¥Î¼ÆÈ¨Ó³]©wÀÉ®×©Î¥Ø¿ýªºÅv¡C
>	²Å¸¹ªí¥Üªº®æ¦¡¨Ì§Ç¬° (¬Y¤H)(°Ê§@)(Åv)¡A¥i¨Ï¥Îªº²Å¸¹¦p¤U:</para>
>
>      <informaltable frame="none" pgwide="1">
>	<tgroup cols="3">
>	  <thead>
>	    <row>
>	      <entry>¶µ¥Ø</entry>
>	      <entry>¦r¥À</entry>
>	      <entry>·N¸q</entry>
>	    </row>
>	  </thead>
>
>	<tbody>
>	  <row>
>	    <entry>(¬Y¤H)</entry>
>	    <entry>u</entry>
>	    <entry>¨Ï¥ÎªÌ</entry>
>	  </row>
>
>	  <row>
>	    <entry>(¬Y¤H)</entry>
>	    <entry>g</entry>
>	    <entry>¸s²Õ©Ò¦³ªÌ</entry>
>	  </row>
>
>	  <row>
>	    <entry>(¬Y¤H)</entry>
>	    <entry>o</entry>
>	    <entry>¨ä¥L</entry>
>	  </row>
>
>	  <row>
>	    <entry>(¬Y¤H)</entry>
>	    <entry>a</entry>
>	    <entry>©Ò¦³ (<quote>world</quote>)</entry>
>	  </row>
>
>	  <row>
>	    <entry>(°Ê§@)</entry>
>	    <entry>+</entry>
>	    <entry>¼W¥[Åv</entry>
>	  </row>
>
>	  <row>
>	    <entry>(°Ê§@)</entry>
>	    <entry>-</entry>
>	    <entry>²¾°£Åv</entry>
>	  </row>
>
>	  <row>
>	    <entry>(°Ê§@)</entry>
>	    <entry>=</entry>
>	    <entry>«ü©wÅv</entry>
>	  </row>
>
>	  <row>
>	    <entry>(Åv)</entry>
>	    <entry>r</entry>
>	    <entry>Åª¨ú</entry>
>	  </row>
>
>	  <row>
>	    <entry>(Åv)</entry>
>	    <entry>w</entry>
>	    <entry>¼g¤J</entry>
>	  </row>
>
>	  <row>
>	    <entry>(Åv)</entry>
>	    <entry>x</entry>
>	    <entry>°õ¦æ</entry>
>	  </row>
>
>	  <row>
>	    <entry>(Åv)</entry>
>	    <entry>t</entry>
>	    <entry>Sticky bit</entry>
>	  </row>
>
>	  <row>
>	    <entry>(Åv)</entry>
>	    <entry>s</entry>
>	    <entry>Set UID ©Î GID</entry>
>	  </row>
>	</tbody>
>      </tgroup>
>    </informaltable>
>
>    <para>¦p¥ý«e¦P¼Ë¨Ï¥Î &man.chmod.1; «ü¥O¨Ó³]©w¡A¦ý¨Ï¥Îªº°Ñ¼Æ¬°³o¨Ç¦r¤¸¡C
>	¨Ò¦p¡A±z¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î¤U¦C«ü¥O¸T¤î¨ä¥L¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¦s¨úÀÉ®× <replaceable>FILE</replaceable>:</para>
>
>    <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>chmod go= FILE</userinput></screen>
>
>    <para>Y¦³¨âÓ¥H¤Wªº²Å¸¹ªí¥Ü¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î³r¸¹(,)°Ï¹j¡C
>	¨Ò¦p¡A¤U¦C«ü¥O±N·|²¾°£¸s²Õ¤Î¨ä¥L¤H
>	¹ïÀÉ®× <replaceable>FILE</replaceable> ªº¼g¤JÅv¡A
>	¨Ã¨Ï©Ò¦³¤H(<quote>world</quote>)¹ï¸ÓÀÉ¦³°õ¦æÅv¡C</para>
>
>    <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>chmod go-w,a+x <replaceable>FILE</replaceable></userinput></screen>
>
>
>    </sect2>
>
>    <sect2>
>      <sect2info>
>	<authorgroup>
>	  <author>
>	    <firstname>Tom</firstname>
>	    <surname>Rhodes</surname>
>	    <contrib>Contributed by </contrib>
>	  </author>
>	</authorgroup>
>      </sect2info>
>
>      <title>&os; ÀÉ®×ºX¼Ð(Flag)</title>
>
>      <para>°£¤F«e±´£¨ìªºÀÉ®×Åv¥~¡A&os; ¤ä´©¨Ï¥Î <quote>ÀÉ®×ºX¼Ð</quote>¡C
>	³o¨ÇºX¼Ð¼W¥[¤FÀÉ®×ªº¦w¥þ©Ê¤ÎºÞ²z©Ê¡A¦ý¤£¥]§t¥Ø¿ý¡C</para>
>
>      <para>ÀÉ®×ºX¼Ð¼W¥[¤FºÞ²z©Ê¡A½T«O¦b¬Y¨Ç®ÉÔ <username>root</username> 
>	¤£·|·N¥~±NÀÉ®××§ï©Î²¾°£¡C</para>
>
>      <para>×§ïªºÀÉ®× flag ¶È»Ýn¨Ï¥Î¾Ö¦³Â²©öªº¤¶±ªº &man.chflags.1; ¤u¨ã¡C
>	¨Ò¦p¡A¼Ð¥Ü¨t²Î¸T¤î§R°£ªººX¼Ð©óÀÉ®×
>	<filename>file1</filename>¡A¨Ï¥Î¤U¦C«ü¥O:</para>
>
>      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>chflags sunlink <filename>file1</filename></userinput></screen>
>
>      <para>Yn²¾°£¨t²Î¸T¤î§R°£ªººX¼Ð¡A
>	¥u»ÝnÂ²³æ¦b <option>sunlink</option> «e¥[¤W <quote>no</quote>¡A¨Ò¦p:</para>
>
>      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>chflags nosunlink <filename>file1</filename></userinput></screen>
>
>      <para>¨Ï¥Î &man.ls.1; ¤Î°Ñ¼Æ <option>-lo</option> ¥iÀËµøÀÉ®×¥Ø«eªººX¼Ð:</para>
>
>      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>ls -lo <filename>file1</filename>
>	</userinput></screen>
>
>      <para>¿é¥Xªºµ²ªG¦p¤U:</para>
>
>      <programlisting>-rw-r--r--  1 trhodes  trhodes  sunlnk 0 Mar  1 05:54 file1</programlisting>
>
>      <para>¦h¼ÆªººX¼Ð¶È¯à¥Ñ <username>root</username> 
>	¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¨Ó¼Ð¥Ü©Î²¾°£¡A¦Ó³¡¥÷ºX¼Ð¥i¥ÑÀÉ®×©Ò¦³ªÌ³]©w¡C
>	³o¸Ì«ØÄ³ºÞ²zªÌ¾\Åª &man.chflags.1; ¤Î &man.chflags.2; 
>	»¡©ú¤å¥ó¨ú±o§ó¦hªº¬ÛÃö¸ê°T¡C</para>
>    </sect2>
>  </sect1>
>  
>  <sect1 id="dirstructure">
>    <title>¥Ø¿ýµ²ºc</title>
>    <indexterm><primary>directory hierarchy</primary></indexterm>
>
>    <para>»{ÃÑ FreeBSD ªº¥Ø¿ý¬[ºc¡A´N¥i¹ï¨t²Î¦³·§²¤ªº°òÂ¦²z¸Ñ¡C
>      ³Ì«nªº²ö¹L©ó¾ãÓ¥Ø¿ýªº®Ú¥Ø¿ý¡A´N¬O <quote>/</quote> 
>      ¥Ø¿ý¡A³o¥Ø¿ý·|¦b¶}¾÷®É²Ä¤@Ó¥ý±¾¸ü (mount)¡A¨ä¤¤¸Ì±¦³µ¹ 
>      multi-user ¾Þ§@ªº°ò¥»¨t²Î¡C®Ú¥Ø¿ý¤]·|°O¿ý¨CÓÀÉ®×¨t²Î¤§¬ÛÃö±¾¸üÂI
>      (mount point)¡C</para>
>
>    <para>±¾¸üÂI´N¬OÅý·s¼WªºÀÉ®×¨t²Î¡A¯à±µ¤W®Ú¥Ø¿ýÀÉ®×¨t²Îªº¥Ø¿ý¡C
>      ¦b <xref linkend="disk-organization"> ³oÃä¹ï¦¹¦³§ó¸Ô²Ó¤¶²Ð¡C
>      ¼Ð·Çªº±¾¸üÂI¥]¬A¤F 
>      <filename>/usr</filename>, <filename>/var</filename>, <filename>/tmp</filename>,
>      <filename>/mnt</filename>¡A¥H¤Î <filename>/cdrom</filename>¡C  
>      ³o¨Ç¥Ø¿ý³q±`·|°O¿ý¦b <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> ³]©wÀÉ¤º¡C
>      <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> ¬O°O¿ý¦UÀÉ®×¨t²Î¤Î¬ÛÃö±¾¸üÂIªºªí®æ¡C
>      ¤j³¡¤À¦b <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> 
>      °O¿ýªºÀÉ®×¨t²Î¡A·|¦b¶}¾÷®É¥Ñ &man.rc.8; script ¨Ó¦Û°Ê±¾¸ü¡A°£«D¥¦Ì¦³³]©w
>      <option>noauto</option> ¿ï¶µ¡C²Ó¸`»¡©ú¥i°Ñ¾\ <xref linkend="disks-fstab">¡C
>      </para>
>
>    <para>¦³ÃöÀÉ®×¨t²Î¬[ºcªº§¹¾ã»¡©ú¥i°Ñ¾\ &man.hier.7;¡C  
>      ²{¦b©O¡AÅý§ÚÌ¤jP¥ý¤@¿s±`¨£ªº¥Ø¿ý¦³þ¨Ç§a¡C</para>
>
>    <para>
>      <informaltable frame="none" pgwide="1">
>        <tgroup cols="2">
>	  <thead>
>	    <row>
>	      <entry>¥Ø¿ý</entry>
>	      <entry>»¡©ú</entry>
>	    </row>
>	  </thead>
>	  <tbody valign="top">
>            <row>
>	      <entry><filename class="directory">/</filename></entry>
>	      <entry>ÀÉ®×¨t²Îªº®Ú¥Ø¿ý¡C</entry>
>            </row>
>	    
>	    <row>
>	      <entry><filename class="directory">/bin/</filename></entry>
>	      <entry>¾A¥Î single-user ¸ò multi-user ªº°ò¥»¤u¨ã¡C</entry>
>	    </row>
>	    
>	    <row>
>	      <entry><filename class="directory">/boot/</filename></entry>
>	      <entry>§@·~¨t²Î¶}¾÷¹Lµ{·|¥Î¨ìªºµ{¦¡¡B³]©wÀÉ¡C</entry>
>	    </row>
>	    
>	    <row>
>	      <entry><filename class="directory">/boot/defaults/</filename></entry>
>	      <entry>¹w³]ªº¶}¾÷±Ò°Ê³]©wÀÉ¡A¸Ô±¡½Ð°Ñ¾\ &man.loader.conf.5;¡C</entry>
>	    </row>
>	    
>	    <row>
>	      <entry><filename class="directory">/dev/</filename></entry>
>	      <entry>Device nodes¡A¸Ô±¡½Ð°Ñ¾\ &man.intro.4;¡C</entry>
>	    </row>
>	    
>	    <row>
>	      <entry><filename class="directory">/etc/</filename></entry>
>	      <entry>¨t²Î³]©wÀÉ¤Î¤@¨Ç script ÀÉ¡C</entry>
>	    </row>
>	    
>	    <row>
>	      <entry><filename class="directory">/etc/defaults/</filename></entry>
>	      <entry>¹w³]ªº¨t²Î³]©wÀÉ¡A¸Ô±¡½Ð°Ñ¾\ &man.rc.8;¡C</entry>
>	    </row>
>	    
>	    <row>
>	      <entry><filename class="directory">/etc/mail/</filename></entry>
>	      <entry>MTA(Mail Transport Agent)ªº¬ÛÃö³]©wÀÉ¡A¹³¬O &man.sendmail.8;¡C
>		</entry>
>	    </row>
>	    
>	    <row>
>	      <entry><filename class="directory">/etc/namedb/</filename></entry>
>	      <entry><command>named</command> ³]©wÀÉ¡A¸Ô±¡½Ð°Ñ¾\
>	      &man.named.8;¡C</entry>
>	    </row>
>	    
>	    <row>
>	      <entry><filename class="directory">/etc/periodic/</filename></entry>
>	      <entry>¨C¤é¡B¨C¶g¡B¨C¤ë³z¹L &man.cron.8;; °õ¦æªº©w´Á±Æµ{ script¡A
>		¸Ô±¡½Ð°Ñ¾\ &man.periodic.8;¡C</entry>
>	    </row>
>	    
>	    <row>
>	      <entry><filename class="directory">/etc/ppp/</filename></entry>
>	      <entry><command>ppp</command> ³]©wÀÉ¡A¸Ô±¡½Ð°Ñ¾\ 
>	      &man.ppp.8;¡C</entry>
>	    </row>
>	    
>	    <row>
>	      <entry><filename class="directory">/mnt/</filename></entry>
>	      <entry>¨t²ÎºÞ²zªÌºD¥Î¥R·íÁ{®É±¾¸üÂIªºªÅ¥Ø¿ý¡C</entry>
>	    </row>
>	    
>	    <row>
>	      <entry><filename class="directory">/proc/</filename></entry>
>	      <entry>Process ÀÉ®×¨t²Î¡A¸Ô±¡½Ð°Ñ¾\ &man.procfs.5; ¤Î
>	      &man.mount.procfs.8;¡C</entry>
>	    </row>
>
>	    <row>
>	      <entry><filename class="directory">/rescue/</filename></entry>
>	      <entry>ºò«æ±Ï´©¥Î³~ªº¤@¨Ç statically linked µ{¦¡¡A¸Ô±¡½Ð°Ñ¾\ 
>		&man.rescue.8;¡C</entry>
>	    </row>
>
>	    <row>
>	      <entry><filename class="directory">/root/</filename></entry>
>	      <entry><username>root</username> ±b¸¹ªº®a¥Ø¿ý¡C</entry>
>	    </row>
>
>	    <row>
>	      <entry><filename class="directory">/sbin/</filename></entry>
>	      <entry>¨Ñ single-user ¤Î multi-user Àô¹Ò¨Ï¥Îªº¨t²Îµ{¦¡¤ÎºÞ²z¤u¨ã¡C</entry>
>	    </row>
>	    
>	    
>	    <row>
>	      <entry><filename class="directory">/tmp/</filename></entry>
>	      <entry>Á{®ÉÀÉ®×¡C  ¤@¯ë¦Ó¨¥¡A«¶}¾÷¤§«á
>		<filename class="directory">/tmp</filename> ¤ºªºªF¦è·|³Q²M°£±¼¡C
>		¦Ó³q±`·|±N memory-based ÀÉ®×¨t²Î±¾¸ü¦b 
>		<filename class="directory">/tmp</filename> ¤W¡C
>		³o¨Çº¾¨Æ¥i³z¹L tmpmfs ¬ÛÃöªº &man.rc.conf.5; Àô¹ÒÅÜ¼Æ¨Ó¦Û°Ê§¹¦¨¡C
>		(©Î¬O¦b 
>		<filename>/etc/fstab</filename> ¤º°µ³]©w¡A¸Ô±¡½Ð°Ñ¾\ &man.mdmfs.8;¡C)</entry>
>	    </row>
>	    
>	    
>	    <row>
>	      <entry><filename class="directory">/usr/</filename></entry>
>	      <entry>¥Dn¬O¨Ï¥ÎªÌ©Ò¦w¸Ëªº¤u¨ãµ{¦¡¡BÀ³¥Îµ{¦¡¦s©ñ³B¡C</entry>
>	    </row>
>	    
>	    <row>
>	      <entry><filename class="directory">/usr/bin/</filename></entry>
>	      <entry>±`¥Î¤u¨ã¡B¶}µo¤u¨ã¡BÀ³¥Î³nÅé¡C</entry>
>	    </row>
>	    
>	    <row>
>	      <entry><filename class="directory">/usr/include/</filename></entry>
>	      <entry>¼Ð·Ç C include ªº¬ÛÃö header ÀÉ®×®w¡C</entry>
>	    </row>
>	    
>	    <row>
>	      <entry><filename class="directory">/usr/lib/</filename></entry>
>	      <entry>¨ç¦¡®w¦s©ñ³B¡C</entry>
>	    </row>
>	    
>	    
>	    <row>
>	      <entry><filename class="directory">/usr/libdata/</filename></entry>
>	      <entry>¨ä¥L¦U¦¡¤u¨ãªº¸ê®ÆÀÉ¡C</entry>
>	    </row>
>	    
>	    <row>
>	      <entry><filename class="directory">/usr/libexec/</filename></entry>
>	      <entry>¨t²Î daemons ¤Î¨t²Î¤u¨ãµ{¦¡(³z¹L¨ä¥Lµ{¦¡¨Ó°õ¦æ)¡C</entry>
>	    </row>
>	    
>	    <row>
>	      <entry><filename
>	      class="directory">/usr/local/</filename></entry>
>
>	      <entry>¦s©ñ¤@¨Ç¦Û¦æ¦w¸Ëªº°õ¦æÀÉ¡B¨ç¦¡®wµ¥µ¥¡C  ¦P®É¡A¤]¬O FreeBSD
>		ports ¬[ºcªº¹w³]¦w¸Ë¥Ø¿ý¡C  <filename>/usr/local</filename> 
>		¤ºªº¥Ø¿ý¬[ºc¤jP»P <filename>/usr</filename> ¬Û¦P¡A¸Ô±¡½Ð°Ñ¾\ 
>		&man.hier.7; »¡©ú¡C¦ý man ¥Ø¿ý¨Ò¥~¡A¥¦Ì¬Oª½±µ©ñ¦b
>		<filename>/usr/local</filename> ©³¤U¡A¦Ó«D <filename>/usr/local/share</filename>¡A
>		¦Ó ports ©Ò¦w¸Ëªº»¡©ú¤å¥ó«h¦b 
>	        <filename>share/doc/<replaceable>port</replaceable></filename>¡C
>	      </entry>
>	    </row>
>	    
>	    <row>
>	      <entry><filename class="directory">/usr/obj/</filename></entry>
>	      <entry>¦b½sÄ¶ <filename>/usr/src</filename> 
>		¥Ø¿ý®É©Ò²£¥Íªº¬ÛÃö¬[ºc object ÀÉ®×¡C</entry>
>	    </row>
>	    
>	    <row>
>	      <entry><filename class="directory">/usr/ports</filename></entry>
>	      <entry>FreeBSD Ports Collection (optional)¡C</entry>
>	    </row>
>	    
>	    <row>
>	      <entry><filename class="directory">/usr/sbin/</filename></entry>
>	      <entry>¨t²Î daemon ¤Î¨t²Î¤u¨ã(ª½±µ¥Ñ¨Ï¥ÎªÌ°õ¦æ)¡C</entry>
>	    </row>
>	    
>	    <row>
>	      <entry><filename class="directory">/usr/share/</filename></entry>
>	      <entry>¦U¬[ºc¬Ò¦@³qªºÀÉ®×¡C</entry>
>	    </row>
>	    
>	    <row>
>	      <entry><filename class="directory">/usr/src/</filename></entry>
>	      <entry>BSD ¥»¨ªºì©l½X(©Î¦Û¦æ·s¼Wªº)¡C</entry>
>	    </row>
>	    
>	    <row>
>	      <entry><filename
>	      class="directory">/usr/X11R6/</filename></entry>
>	      <entry>X11R6 ¬ÛÃö®M¥óªº°õ¦æÀÉ¡B¨ç¦¡®wµ¥(optional)¡C</entry>
>	    </row>
>	    
>	    <row>
>	      <entry><filename class="directory">/var/</filename></entry>
>	      <entry>¦s©ñ¦UºØ¥Î³~ªº log ÀÉ¡BÁ{®É©Î¼È®É¦s©ñ¡B¦C¦L©Î¶l¥óªº 
>		spool ÀÉ®×¡C¦³®ÉÔ¡Amemory-based ÀÉ®×¨t²Î¤]·|±¾¸ü¦b
>		<filename class="directory">/var</filename>¡C
>		³o¨Çº¾¨Æ¥i³z¹L varmfs ¬ÛÃöªº &man.rc.conf.5 
>		Àô¹ÒÅÜ¼Æ¨Ó¦Û°Ê§¹¦¨¡C(©Î¬O¦b 
>		<filename>/etc/fstab</filename> ¤º°µ³]©w¡A¬ÛÃö²Ó¸`½Ð°Ñ¾\ 
>		&man.mdmfs.8;¡C)</entry>
>	    </row>
>	    
>	    
>	    <row>
>	      <entry><filename class="directory">/var/log/</filename></entry>
>	      <entry>¦U¶µ¨t²Î°O¿ýªº log ÀÉ®×¡C</entry>
>	    </row>
>	    
>	    <row>
>	      <entry><filename class="directory">/var/mail/</filename></entry>
>	      <entry>¦U¨Ï¥ÎªÌªº mailbox ÀÉ®×¡C</entry>
>	    </row>
>	    
>	    <row>
>	      <entry><filename class="directory">/var/spool/</filename></entry>
>	      <entry>¦UºØ¦Lªí¾÷¡B¶l¥ó¨t²Îªº spool ¥Ø¿ý¡C</entry>
>	    </row>
>	    
>	    <row>
>	      <entry><filename class="directory">/var/tmp/</filename></entry>
>	      <entry>Á{®ÉÀÉ®×¡C
>		³o¨ÇÀÉ®×¦b«¶}¾÷«á³q±`¤´·|«O¯d¡A°£«D
>		<filename class="directory">/var</filename>
>		¬OÄÝ©ó memory-based ÀÉ®×¨t²Î¡C</entry>
>	    </row>
>	    
>	    <row>
>	      <entry><filename>/var/yp</filename></entry>
>	      <entry>°O¿ý NIS maps¡C</entry>
>	    </row>
>
>	  </tbody>
>	</tgroup>
>      </informaltable>
>    </para>
>
>  </sect1>
>
>  <sect1 id="disk-organization">
>      <title>ºÏºÐ²ÕÂ´</title>
>
>      <para> FreeBSD ¥Î¨Ó´M§äÀÉ®×ªº³Ì¤p³æ¦ì´N¬OÀÉ®×ªº¦WºÙ¤F¡C
>	ÀÉ®×ªº¦WºÙ¦³¤j¤p¼g¤§¤À¡A©Ò¥H»¡ <filename>readme.txt</filename>
>	©M <filename>README.TXT</filename> ¬O¨âÓ¤£¦PªºÀÉ®×¡C
>	FreeBSD ¨Ã¤£¨Ï¥Î°ÆÀÉ¦W (<filename>.txt</filename>)
>        ¨Ó§P§O³o¬O¤@Óµ{¦¡ÀÉ¡B¤å¥óÀÉ©Î¬O¨ä¥LÃþ«¬ªºÀÉ®×¡C</para>
>
>      <para>ÀÉ®×¦s¦b¥Ø¿ý¸Ì±¡C
>	¤@Ó¥Ø¿ý¤¤¥i¯à¨S¦³¥ô¦óÀÉ®×¡A¤]¥i¯à¦³¦n´X¦ÊÓÀÉ®×¡C
>        ¥Ø¿ý¤§¤¤¤]¥i¥H¥]§t¨ä¥Lªº¥Ø¿ý¡F±z¥i¥H«Ø¥ß¶¥¼h¦¡ªº¥Ø¿ý¥H«K¸ê®ÆªººÞ²z¡C
>	</para>
>
>      <para>ÀÉ®×©Î¥Ø¿ýªº¹ïÀ³¬OÂÇ¥Ñµ¹©wªºÀÉ®×©Î¥Ø¿ý¦WºÙ¡AµM«á¥[¤W¥¿±×½u²Å¸¹
>	(<literal>/</literal>)¡F¤§«á¦Aµø»Ýn¥[¤W¨ä¥Lªº¥Ø¿ý¦WºÙ¡C 
>        ¦pªG±z¦³¤@Ó¥Ø¿ý <filename>foo</filename> ¡A¸Ì±¦³¤@Ó¥Ø¿ý¥s§@
>        <filename>bar</filename> ¡A³oÓ¥Ø¿ý¤¤¤S¥]§t¤F¤@Ó¥s 
>        <filename>readme.txt</filename> 
>        ªºÀÉ®×¡A¨º»ò³oÓÀÉ®×ªº¥þ¦W¡A©ÎªÌ»¡ÀÉ®×ªº<firstterm>¸ô®|</firstterm>´N¬O
>        <filename>foo/bar/readme.txt</filename> ¡C</para>
>
>      <para>¥Ø¿ý¤ÎÀÉ®×Àx¦s¦bÀÉ®×¨t²Î¤§¤¤¡C
>        ¨CÓÀÉ®×¨t²Î³£¦³°ß¤@¤@Ó³Ì¤W¼hªº¥Ø¿ý¡A¥s°µ<firstterm>®Ú¥Ø¿ý 
>	(root directory)</firstterm>¡CµM«á¦b³oÓ®Ú¥Ø¿ý¤U±¤~¯à¦³¨ä¥Lªº¥Ø¿ý¡C
>	</para>
>
>      <para>¨ì¥Ø«e¬°¤î¤j·§©M¨ä¥L±z¥Î¹Lªºªº§@·~¨t²Î³£®t¤£¦h¡C
>	ÁÙ¬O¦³¨Ç¤£¤@¼Ëªº¦a¤è´N¬O¤F¡A¨Ò¦p &ms-dos; ¥Î <literal>\</literal>
>	·íÀÉ®×©M¥Ø¿ý¦WºÙªº¤À¹j²Å¸¹¡A¦Ó &macos; «h¬O¥Î <literal>:</literal>
>        ²Å¸¹¡C</para>
>
>      <para>FreeBSD ªº¸ô®|¤¤¨Ã¨S¦³¨Ï¥ÎºÏºÐ¾÷¥N¸¹©Î¨ä¥LªººÏºÐ¦WºÙ¡C 
>        ¦]¦¹¡A±z¤£¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î¹³ <filename>c:/foo/bar/readme.txt</filename> 
>        ³o¼Ë¤lªºÀÉ®×¦WºÙ¡C</para>
>
>      <para>¬Û¹ïªº¡A¦b FreeBSD 
>	¨t²Î¤¤¦³¤@ÓÀÉ®×¨t²Î³Q«ü©w¬°<firstterm>®ÚÀÉ®×¨t²Î</firstterm>¡C
>        ®ÚÀÉ®×¨t²Îªº®Ú¥Ø¿ý¥Ñ <literal>/</literal> ªí¥Ü¡C 
>	µM«á¨ä¥LªºÀÉ®×¨t²Î¦A<firstterm>±¾¸ü (mount)</firstterm> 
>	¦b®ÚÀÉ®×¨t²Î¤§¤U¡C¦]¦¹µL½×±zªº FreeBSD 
>	¨t²Î¤W¦³¦h¤ÖÁûµwºÐ¡A¨C¤@Ó¥Ø¿ý¬Ý°_¨Ó´N¹³¦b¦P¤@ÓºÏºÐ¤W¡C</para>
>
>      <para>°²³]±z¦³¤TÓÀÉ®×¨t²Î¡A¤À§O¥s§@ <literal>A</literal>¡B
>        <literal>B</literal> ¤Î <literal>C</literal> ¡C
>	¨CÓÀÉ®×¨t²Î³£¥]§t¨âÓ¥Ø¿ý¡A¥s°µ
>        <literal>A1</literal>¡B<literal>A2</literal> (¨Ì¦¹Ãþ±À±o 
>        <literal>B1</literal>¡B<literal>B2</literal> ¤Î 
>        <literal>C1</literal>¡B<literal>C2</literal>)¡C</para>
>
>      <para>ºÙ <literal>A</literal> ¬°¥DnªºÀÉ®×¨t²Î¡F¦pªG±z¥Î 
>	<command>ls</command> «ü¥O¬d¬Ý¦¹¥Ø¿ýªº¤º®e¡A±z·|¬Ý¨ì¨âÓ¤l¥Ø¿ý¡G 
>	<literal>A1</literal> ¤Î <literal>A2</literal> ¡A¦p¤U©Ò¥Ü¡G</para>
>
>      <mediaobject>
>	<imageobject>
>	  <imagedata fileref="install/example-dir1" format="EPS">
>	</imageobject>
>
>	<textobject>
>	  <literallayout class="monospaced"> /
> |
> +--- A1
> |
> `--- A2</literallayout>
>	</textobject>
>      </mediaobject>
>
>      <para>¤@ÓÀÉ®×¨t²Î¥²¶·¥H¥Ø¿ý§Î¦¡±¾¸ü©ó¥t¤@ÓÀÉ®×¨t²Î¤W¡C
>	¦]¦¹¡A°²³]±z±N <literal>B</literal> ±¾¸ü©ó <literal>A1</literal>
>	¤§¤W¡A«h <literal>B</literal> ªº®Ú¥Ø¿ý´NÅÜ¦¨¤F 
>	<literal>A1</literal>¡A¦Ó¦b <literal>B</literal> 
>	¤§¤Uªº¥ô¦ó¥Ø¿ýªº¸ô®|¤]ÀH¤§§ïÅÜ:</para>
>
>      <mediaobject>
>	<imageobject>
>	  <imagedata fileref="install/example-dir2" format="EPS">
>	</imageobject>
>
>	<textobject>
>	  <literallayout class="monospaced"> /
> | 
> +--- A1
> |     |
> |     +--- B1
> |     |
> |     `--- B2
> |
> `--- A2</literallayout>
>	</textobject>
>      </mediaobject>
>
>      <para>¦b <literal>B1</literal> ©Î	<literal>B2</literal> 
>	¥Ø¿ý¤¤ªº¥ô¦óÀÉ®×¥²¶·¸g¥Ñ¸ô®| <filename>/A1/B1</filename> 
>	©Î <filename>/A1/B2</filename> ¤~¯à¹F¨ì¡C
>        ©Ò¦³ì¨Ó¦b <filename>/A1</filename> ¤¤ªºÀÉ®×·|¼È®É³QÁôÂÃ°_¨Ó¡Aª½¨ì 
>	<literal>B</literal> ³Q¡u<firstterm>²¾°£ 
>	(unmounted)</firstterm>¡v«á¤~·|¦AÅã²{¥X¨Ó¡C</para>
>
>      <para>¦pªG <literal>B</literal> ±¾¸ü¦b <literal>A2</literal> 
>	¤§¤W¡A«h·|ÅÜ¦¨¡G</para>
>
>      <mediaobject>
>	<imageobject>
>	  <imagedata fileref="install/example-dir3" format="EPS">
>	</imageobject>
>
>	<textobject>
>	  <literallayout class="monospaced"> /
> |
> +--- A1
> |
> `--- A2
>       |
>       +--- B1
>       |
>       `--- B2</literallayout>
>	</textobject>
>      </mediaobject>
>
>      <para>¤W±ªº¸ô®|¤À§O¬° <filename>/A2/B1</filename> ¤Î 
>	<filename>/A2/B2</filename>¡C</para>
>
>      <para>ÀÉ®×¨t²Î¥i¥H±¾¦b¨ä¥LÀÉ®×¨t²Îªº¥Ø¿ý¤§¤W¡C
>	©µÄò¤§«eªº¨Ò¤l¡A<literal>C</literal> ÀÉ®×¨t²Î¥i¥H±¾¦bÀÉ®×¨t²Î
>	<literal>B</literal> ªº <literal>B1</literal> ¥Ø¿ý¤§¤W¡A¦p¹Ï©Ò¥Ü¡G
>	</para>
>
>      <mediaobject>
>	<imageobject>
>	  <imagedata fileref="install/example-dir4" format="EPS">
>	</imageobject>
>	
>	<textobject>
>	  <literallayout class="monospaced"> /
> |
> +--- A1
> |
> `--- A2
>       |
>       +--- B1
>       |     |
>       |     +--- C1
>       |     |
>       |     `--- C2
>       |
>       `--- B2</literallayout>
>	</textobject>
>      </mediaobject>
>
>      <para>©ÎªÌ <literal>C</literal> ª½±µ±¾¸ü©ó <literal>A</literal> ªº
>        <literal>A1</literal> ¥Ø¿ý¤§¤W¡G</para>
>
>      <mediaobject>
>	<imageobject>
>	  <imagedata fileref="install/example-dir5" format="EPS">
>	</imageobject>
>
>	<textobject>
>	  <literallayout class="monospaced"> /
> |
> +--- A1
> |     |
> |     +--- C1
> |     |
> |     `--- C2
> |
> `--- A2
>       |
>       +--- B1
>       |
>       `--- B2</literallayout>
>	</textobject>
>      </mediaobject>
>
>      <para>¦pªG±z¼ô±x &ms-dos; ªº¸Ü¡A³o©M <command>join</command>
>	«ü¥O«ÜÃþ¦ü (ÁöµM¤£¾¨¬Û¦P)¡C</para>
>
>      <para>¤@¯ë±¡ªp¤U±z¤£»Ýn¾á¤ß³o¨ÇªF¦è¡C 
>	°£«D±zn¦w¸Ë·sªººÏºÐ¡A¤£µM³q±`¦b±z¦w¸Ë FreeBSD 
>        ®É«Ø¥ß¦nÀÉ®×¨t²Î¨Ã¨M©w¦nn±¾¸ü¦b¦ó³B¤§«á´N¤£·|¦A°µ¥ô¦ó§ó°Ê¤F¡C</para>
>
>      <para>±z§¹¥þ¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î³æ¤@ªº¤@Ó¤jªº®ÚÀÉ®×¨t²Î (root file system) 
>	¦Ó¤£«Ø¥ß¨ä¥LªºÀÉ®×¨t²Î¡C ³o¼Ë¦³¦n³B¤]¦³¦³Ãa³B¡C</para>
>
>      <itemizedlist>
>	<title>¨Ï¥Î¦hÓÀÉ®×¨t²Îªº¦n³B</title>
>      
>	<listitem>
>	  <para>¤£¦PªºÀÉ®×¨t²Î¦b±¾¤Wªº®ÉÔ¥i¥H¦³¤£¦Pªº<firstterm>±¾¸ü°Ñ¼Æ</firstterm>¡C  
>	    Á|¨Ò¨Ó»¡¡A¬°¨DÂÔ·V±z¥i¥H±N®ÚÀÉ®×¨t²Î³]¦¨°ßÅª¡A¥HÁ×§K¤£¤p¤ß§R°£©Î×§ï±¼«nªºÀÉ®×¡C
>	    ±N¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¥i¼g¤JªºÀÉ®×¨t²Î (¨Ò¦p <filename>/home</filename>) 
>	    ¿W¥ß¥X¨Ó¤]¥i¥HÅý¥LÌ¥Î <firstterm>nosuid</firstterm> 
>	    ªº°Ñ¼Æ±¾¸ü¡A¦¹¿ï¶µ¥i¥HÅý¦b³oÓÀÉ®×¨t²Î¤¤°õ¦æÀÉªº
>	    <firstterm>suid</firstterm>/<firstterm>guid</firstterm> 
>	    bits ¥¢®Ä¡A¤]³\¥i¥HÅý¨t²Î§ó¦w¥þ¡C</para>
>	</listitem>
>
>	<listitem>
>	  <para>FreeBSD ·|¦Û°Ê®Ú¾Ú±zÀÉ®×¨t²Îªº¨Ï¥Î¤è¦¡¨Ó°µ³Ì¨ÎªºÀÉ®×°t¸m¤è¦¡¡C
>	    ¦]¦¹¡A¤@Ó¦³«Ü¦h¤pÀÉ®×¡B±`±`¼g¤JªºÀÉ®×¨t²Î¸ò¥u¦³´XÓ¸û¤jªºÀÉ®×ªºÀÉ®×¨t²Î°t¸m¬O¤£¤@¼Ëªº¡C ¦pªG±z¥u¦³³æ¤@¤@Ó¤jªºÀÉ®×¨t²Î¡A³o³¡¤À´N¨S¥Î¤F¡C</para>
>	</listitem>
>	
>	<listitem>
>	  <para>FreeBSD ªºÀÉ®×¨t²Î¦b°±¹qªº®ÉÔ«ÜÃ©T¡C 
>          µM¦Ó¡A¦b¬Y¨Ç«nªº®ÉÔ°±¹q¤´µM·|¹ïÀÉ®×¨t²Îµ²ºc³y¦¨·l®`¡C
>          ¤À³Î¦¨³\¦hÓÀÉ®×¨t²Îªº¸Ü¦b¨t²Î¦b°±¹q«á¤ñ¸û¯à°÷¥¿±`±Ò°Ê¡A¥H«K±z¦b»Ýnªº®ÉÔ±N³Æ¥÷¸ê®Æ¦^¦s¦^¨Ó¡C</para>
>	</listitem>
>      </itemizedlist>
>
>      <itemizedlist>
>	<title>¨Ï¥Î³æ¤@ÀÉ®×¨t²Îªº¦n³B</title>
>
>	<listitem>
>	  <para>ÀÉ®×¨t²Îªº¤j¤p¬O©T©wªº¡C 
>	    ±z·íªì¦w¸Ë FreeBSD 
>	    ªº®ÉÔÀ³¸Ó·|µ¹©w¤@Ó¤j¤p¡A¥i¬O«á¨Ó±z¥i¯à·|·Q§âªÅ¶¡¥[¤j¡C
>	    ¦pªG¨S¦³³Æ¥÷ªº¸Ü¬O«ÜÃø¹F¦¨ªº¡F
>	    ±z¥²¶·±NÀÉ®×¨t²Î«·s«Ø¥ß¬°±z»Ýnªº¤j¤p¡AµM«á±N³Æ¥÷¦^¦s¦^¨Ó¡C</para>
>
>	  <important>
>	    <para>FreeBSD&nbsp;4.4 ¤§«áªºª©¥»¦³¤@Ó«ü¥O¡G &man.growfs.8;
>	      ¥i¥H¬ð¯}¦¹¨îª½±µÅÜ§óÀÉ®×¨t²Îªº¤j¤p¡C</para>
>	  </important>
>	</listitem>
>      </itemizedlist>
>    
>      <para>ÀÉ®×¨t²Î¥]§t¦b¤À³Î°Ï¸Ì±¡C 
>        ¦]¬° &os; ©ÓÅ§ &unix ¬[ºc¡A³oÃäÁ¿ªº¤À³Î°Ï©M¤@¯ë´£¨ìªº¤À³Î°Ï 
>	(¨Ò¦p &ms-dos; ¤À³Î°Ï) ¤£¦P¡C ¨C¤@Ó¤À³Î°Ï¥Ñ¤@Ó¥N¸¹(¦r¥À)ªí¥Ü¡A±q 
>	<literal>a</literal> ¨ì <literal>h</literal>¡C
>        ¨CÓ¤À³Î°Ï¥u¯à¥]§t¤@ÓÀÉ®×¨t²Î¡C
>        ¦]¦¹°£¤F»¡±`¨£¨ì¥ÎÀÉ®×¨t²Î¦Pªº±¾¸üÂI¨Óªí¥ÜÀÉ®×¨t²Î¥~¡A¤]¥i¥H¥Î¥]§t¥Lªº¤À³Î°Ï¥N¸¹¨Óªí¥Ü¡C</para>
>
>      <para>FreeBSD ¤]·|®³ºÏºÐªÅ¶¡¨Ó·í <firstterm>swap space</firstterm>¡C
>        Swap space µ¹ FreeBSD ·í§@<firstterm>µêÀÀ°O¾ÐÅé</firstterm>¥Î¡C
>        ³oÅý±zªº¹q¸£¦n¹³¾Ö¦³¤ñ¹ê»Ú§ó¦hªº°O¾ÐÅé¡C 
>        ·í FreeBSD ªº°O¾ÐÅé¥Î§¹ªº®ÉÔ¡A¥¦·|§â¤@¨Ç¥Ø«e¨S¥Î¨ìªº¸ê®Æ²¾¨ì 
>	swap space¡AµM«á¦b¥Î¨ìªº®ÉÔ²¾¦^¥h (¦P®É²¾¥X³¡¥÷¨S¥Î¨ìªº)¡C</para>
>
>      <para>¬Y¨Ç¤À³Î°Ï¦³ºD¨Òªº¨Ï¥Î¤è¦¡¦p¤U¡G</para>
>
>      <informaltable frame="none" pgwide="1">
>	<tgroup cols="2">
>	  <colspec colwidth="1*">
>	  <colspec colwidth="5*">
>
>	  <thead>
>	    <row>
>	      <entry>¤À³Î°Ï</entry>
>
>	      <entry>ºD¨Ò</entry>
>	    </row>
>	  </thead>
>
>	  <tbody valign="top">
>	    <row>
>	      <entry><literal>a</literal></entry>
>
>	      <entry>³q±`¥]§t®ÚÀÉ®×¨t²Î (root file system)</entry>
>	    </row>
>
>	    <row>
>	      <entry><literal>b</literal></entry>
>
>	      <entry>³q±`¬O swap space</entry>
>	    </row>
>
>	    <row>
>	      <entry><literal>c</literal></entry>
>
>	      <entry>³q±`©M¾ãÓ slice ªº¤j¤p¤@¼Ë¡Aµ¹¤@¨Ç·|¥Î¨ì¾ãÓ slice 
>		ªº¤u¨ãµ{¦¡ (¨Ò¦pµwºÐÃayÀË¬d¤u¨ã) ¨Ó¨Ï¥Î¡C
>		¤@¯ë¨Ó»¡±zÀ³¸Ó¤£·|§âÀÉ®×¨t²Î«Ø¥ß¦b³oÓ¤À³Î°Ï¡C</entry>
>	    </row>
>
>	    <row>
>	      <entry><literal>d</literal></entry>
>
>	      <entry>¤À³Î°Ï <literal>d</literal> 
>		´¿¸g¦³¥Nªí¯S®í·N¸q¡A¦ý¬O¤w¸g¤£¦A¨Ï¥Î¡C
>		©Ò¥H²{¦b <literal>d</literal> 
>		´N©M¨ä¥L¤@¯ëªº¤À³Î°Ï¬Û¦P¤F¡C</entry>
>	    </row>
>	  </tbody>
>	</tgroup>
>      </informaltable>
>
>      <para>¨CÓ¥]§t¦³ÀÉ®×¨t²Îªº¤À³Î°Ï¬O¦s¦b©Ò¿×ªº 
>	<firstterm>slice</firstterm> ¸Ì±¡C
>        FreeBSD ªº slice ´N¬O«ü¥±`§ÚÌºÙ¬°¤À³Î°Ï (partition) ªºªF¦è¡C
>        ¦P¼Ë¦a¡A·|³o¼Ë¤lºÙ©I¤]¬O¦]¬° FreeBSD ªº &unix; ¦â±m¡C
>        ¦Ó slice ¬O¦³½s¸¹ªº¡A±q 1 ¸¹½s¨ì 4 ¸¹¡C</para>
>
>	<indexterm><primary>slices</primary></indexterm>
>	<indexterm><primary>partitions</primary></indexterm>
>	<indexterm><primary>dangerously dedicated</primary></indexterm>
>
>      <para>slice ¸¹½X¸ò¦b¸Ë¸m¦WºÙ«á±¡A¥ý±µ¤@Ó¦r¥À 
>	<literal>s</literal>¡AµM«á±q 1 ¸¹¶}©l½s¤U¥h¡C
>        ¦]¦¹ <quote>da0<emphasis>s1</emphasis></quote> ´N¬O«ü²Ä¤@Ó SCSI 
>	µwºÐªº²Ä¤@Ó slice¡C ¤@ÓºÏºÐ¤W¥u¯à¦³¥|Ó¹êÅéªº slice¡A¦ý¬O¦b¹êÅéªº
>	slice ¤¤±z¥i¥H¶ë¶i¾A·íÃþ«¬ªºÅÞ¿è slice¡C ³o¨Ç©µ¦ùªº slice ½s¸¹±q 5 
>	¶}©l¡A©Ò¥H <quote>ad0<emphasis>s5</emphasis></quote> ¬O²Ä¤@Ó IDE
>	µwºÐ¤Wªº²Ä¤@Ó©µ¦ù slice¡C ÀÉ®×¨t²Î¦b¸Ë¸m (device) ¸Ì´N¬O¦b¤@Ó slice
>	¤§¤¤¡C</para> 
>
>      <para>Slices¡B<quote>dangerously dedicated</quote>
>        ¼Ò¦¡ªº¹êÅéºÏºÐ¾÷¡A¥H¤Î¨ä¥L¥]§t<firstterm>¤À³Î°Ï</firstterm>ªººÏºÐ³£¬O¥H¦r¥À
>        <literal>a</literal>¨ì¦r¥À<literal>h</literal>ªº½s¸¹¨Óªí¥Ü¡C
>        ½s¸¹¬O±µ¦b¸Ë¸m¦WºÙªº«á±ªº¡A¦]¦¹ 
>	<quote>da0<emphasis>a</emphasis></quote> ¬OºÏºÐ¾÷ da ¤Wªº²Ä¤@Ó
>	<quote>dangerously dedicated</quote>¼Ò¦¡¤§¤À³Î°Ï¡C
>	¦Ó <quote>ad1s3<emphasis>e</emphasis></quote> 
>        «h¬O²Ä¤GÁû IDE µwºÐ¤W²Ä¤TÓ slice ªº²Ä¤Ó¤À³Î°Ï¡C</para>
>	
>      <para>³Ì«á¡A§ÚÌ´N¥i¥H§â¨t²Î¤Wªº¨CÓºÏºÐ³£°Ï¤À¥X¨Ó¤F¡C
>        ¤@ÓºÏºÐªº¦WºÙ·|¦³¤@Ó¥N½X¨Óªí¥Ü³oÓºÏºÐªºÃþ«¬¡A±µµÛ¬O¤@Ó¼Æ¦r¡Aªí¥Ü³o¬Oþ¤@ÓºÏºÐ¡C
>        ³oÃä¸ò slice ¨CÓºÏºÐ½s¸¹±q 0 ¶}©l¤£¤@¼Ë¡C
>        ±`¨£ªº¥N½X¥i¥H°Ñ¦Ò <xref linkend="basics-dev-codes">.</para>
>
>      <para>·ín°Ñ·Ó¤@Ó¤À³Î°Ïªº®ÉÔ¡AFreeBSD »Ýn±z¤@¨Ö¿é¤J¥]§t³oÓ¤À³Î°Ïªº 
>	slice ¤ÎºÏºÐ¾÷¦WºÙ¡F·ín°Ñ·Ó¤@Ó slice ªº®ÉÔ¡A¤]¥²¶·¿é¤J¥]§t³oÓ 
>	slice ªººÏºÐ¦WºÙ¡C «ç»ò°µ©O¡H º¥ý¥ý¦C¥XºÏºÐ¦WºÙ¡AµM«á 
>	<literal>s</literal> ¥[¤W slice ½s¸¹¡A³Ì«á¦A¿é¤J¤À³Î°Ï¦r¥À¥N¸¹¡C
>        ½d¨Ò¥i¥H°Ñ¦Ò <xref linkend="basics-disk-slice-part">.</para>
>
>      <para><xref linkend="basics-concept-disk-model"> 
>	¥Ü½d¤F¤@Ó°ò¥»ªººÏºÐ¤À¥¬¼Ò¦¡¡A¬Û«H¹ï±z¦³¨ÇÀ°§U¡C</para>
>
>      <para>n¦w¸Ë FreeBSD¡A±z¥²¶·¥ý«Ø¸mºÏºÐªº slice¡A±µµÛ©ó slice ¤¤«Ø¥ßnµ¹
>	FreeBSD ¥Îªº¤À³Î°Ï¡C ³Ì«á¦b³o¨Ç¤À³Î°Ï¤¤«Ø¥ßÀÉ®×¨t²Î (©Î swap space)
>	¨Ã¨M©wn±N³o¨ÇÀÉ®×¨t²Î±¾¸ü©óþ¸Ì¡C</para>
>
>      <table frame="none" pgwide="1" id="basics-dev-codes">
>	<title>ºÏºÐ¾÷¥N½X</title>
>
>	<tgroup cols="2">
>          <colspec colwidth="1*">
>          <colspec colwidth="5*">
>
>	  <thead>
>	    <row>
>	      <entry>¥N½X</entry>
>	    
>	      <entry>·N¸q</entry>
>	    </row>
>	  </thead>
>
>	  <tbody>
>	    <row>
>	      <entry><devicename>ad</devicename></entry>
>
>	      <entry>ATAPI (IDE) ºÏºÐ¾÷</entry>
>	    </row>
>
>	    <row>
>	      <entry><devicename>da</devicename></entry>
>	      
>	      <entry>SCSI ª½±µ¦s¨úºÏºÐ¾÷</entry>
>	    </row>
>	    
>	    <row>
>	      <entry><devicename>acd</devicename></entry>
>	      
>	      <entry>ATAPI (IDE) ¥úºÐ¾÷</entry>
>	    </row>
>	    
>	    <row>
>	      <entry><devicename>cd</devicename></entry>
>	      
>	      <entry>SCSI ¥úºÐ¾÷</entry>
>	    </row>
>	    
>	    <row>
>	      <entry><devicename>fd</devicename></entry>
>	      
>	      <entry>³nºÐ¾÷</entry>
>	    </row>
>	  </tbody>
>	</tgroup>
>      </table>
>      
>      <example id="basics-disk-slice-part">
>	<title>ºÏºÐ¡Bslice ¤Î¤À³Î°Ï©R¦W½d¨Ò</title>
>	
>	<informaltable frame="none" pgwide="1">
>	  <tgroup cols="2">
>            <colspec colwidth="1*">
>            <colspec colwidth="5*">
>
>	    <thead>
>	      <row>
>		<entry>¦WºÙ</entry>
>		
>		<entry>·N¸q</entry>
>	      </row>
>	    </thead>
>	    
>	    <tbody>
>	      <row>
>		    <entry><literal>ad0s1a</literal></entry>
>		
>            <entry>²Ä¤@Ó IDE µwºÐ (<literal>ad0</literal>) ¤W²Ä¤@Ó slice 
>                (<literal>s1</literal>) ªº²Ä¤@Ó¤À³Î°Ï (<literal>a</literal>)¡C
>            </entry>
>		  </row>
>
>	      <row>
>		    <entry><literal>da1s2e</literal></entry>
>            <entry>²Ä¤GÓ SCSI µwºÐ (<literal>da1</literal>) ¤W²Ä¤GÓ slice 
>                (<literal>s2</literal>) ªº²Ä¤Ó¤À³Î°Ï (<literal>e</literal>)¡C
>            </entry>
>	      </row>
>	    </tbody>
>	  </tgroup>
>	</informaltable>
>      </example>
>
>      <example id="basics-concept-disk-model">
>	<title>ºÏºÐªº·§©À¼Ò«¬</title>
>
>	<para>¦¹¹ÏÅã¥Ü FreeBSD ¤¤±µ¨ì¨t²Îªº²Ä¤@Ó IDE ºÏºÐ¾÷¤º³¡°t¸m¹Ï¡C
>	  °²³]³oÓºÏºÐªº®e¶q¬O 4&nbsp;GB¡A¨Ã¥B¥]§t¤F¨âÓ 2&nbsp;GB ªº slice
>	  (&ms-dos; ªº¤À³Î°Ï)¡C ²Ä¤@Ó slice ¬O DOS ªº 
>	  <devicename>C:</devicename> ºÏºÐ¾÷¡A²Ä¤GÓ«h¦w¸Ë¤F FreeBSD¡C
>	  ¥»½d¨Ò¤§ FreeBSD ¦³¤TÓ¤À³Î°Ï¥H¤Î¤@Ó swap ¤À³Î°Ï¡C</para>
>
>	<para>³o¤TÓ¤À³Î°Ï¨CÓ³£¬O¤@ÓÀÉ®×¨t²Î¡C
>	  <literal>a</literal> ¤À³Î¬O®Ú (root) ÀÉ®×¨t²Î¡F¤À³Î 
>	  <literal>e</literal> ¬O <filename>/var</filename>¡F¦Ó 
>	  <literal>f</literal> ¤À³Î¬O <filename>/usr</filename> 
>	  ¥Ø¿ýµ²ºc¡C</para>
>
>        <mediaobject>
>          <imageobject>
>            <imagedata fileref="install/disk-layout" format="EPS">
>          </imageobject>
> 
>          <textobject>
>	    <literallayout class="monospaced">.-----------------.  --.
>|                 |    |
>|  DOS / Windows  |    |
>:                 :     >  First slice, ad0s1
>:                 :    |
>|                 |    |
>:=================:  ==:                               --.
>|                 |    |  Partition a, mounted as /      |
>|                 |     > referred to as ad0s2a          |
>|                 |    |                                 |
>:-----------------:  ==:                                 |
>|                 |    |  Partition b, used as swap      |
>|                 |     > referred to as ad0s2b          |
>|                 |    |                                 |
>:-----------------:  ==:                                 |  Partition c, no
>|                 |    |  Partition e, used as /var       > file system, all 
>|                 |     > referred to as ad0s2e          |  of FreeBSD slice,
>|                 |    |                                 |  ad0s2c
>:-----------------:  ==:                                 |
>|                 |    |                                 |
>:                 :    |  Partition f, used as /usr      |
>:                 :     > referred to as ad0s2f          |
>:                 :    |                                 |
>|                 |    |                                 |
>|                 |  --'                                 |
>`-----------------'                                    --'</literallayout>
>          </textobject>
>        </mediaobject>
>      </example>
>  </sect1>
>
>
>
>  <sect1 id="mount-unmount">
>    <title>±¾¸ü»P¨ø¸üÀÉ®×¨t²Î</title>
>
>    <para>ÀÉ®×¨t²Î´N¹³¤@Áû¾ð¡C <filename>/</filename>
>      ´N¹³¬O¾ð®Ú¡A¦Ó <filename>/dev</filename>¡A<filename>/usr</filename>
>      ¥H¤Î¨ä¥L¦b®Ú¥Ø¿ý¤Uªº¥Ø¿ý´N¹³¬O¾ðªK¡A¦Ó³o¨Ç¾ðªK¤W±¤SÁÙ¦³¤À¤ä¡A¹³¬O 
>      <filename>/usr/local</filename> µ¥¡C</para>
>
>    <indexterm><primary>®ÚÀÉ®×¨t²Î</primary></indexterm>
>    <para> ¦]¬°¬Y¨Çì¦]¡A§ÚÌ·|±N¤@¨Ç¥Ø¿ý¤À§O©ñ¦b¤£¦PªºÀÉ®×¨t²Î¤W¡C
>      ¦p <filename>/var</filename> ¥]§t¤F¥i¯à·|º¡¥X¨Óªº 
>      <filename>log/</filename>¡A<filename>spool/</filename>
>      µ¥¥Ø¿ý¥H¤Î¦U¦¡¦U¼Ëªº¼È¦sÀÉ¡C
>      §â®ÚÀÉ®×¨t²Î¶ë¨ìº¡¥X¨ÓÅãµM¤£¬OÓ¦n¥D·N¡A©Ò¥H§ÚÌ©¹©¹·|¤ñ¸û¶É¦V§â 
>      <filename>/var</filename> ±q <filename>/</filename> ¤¤©Ô¥X¨Ó¡C</para>
>
>    <para>¥t¤@Ó±`¨£¨ì§â¬Y¨Ç¥Ø¿ý©ñ¦b¤£¦PÀÉ®×¨t²Î¤Wªº²z¥Ñ¬O¡G
>      ³o¨ÇÀÉ®×¦b¤£¦Pªº¹êÅé©ÎµêÀÀºÏºÐ¾÷¤W¡C
>      ¹³¬O<link linkend="network-nfs">ºô¸ôÀÉ®×¨t²Î</link> 
>      (Network File System) ©Î¬O¥úºÐ¾÷¡C</para>
>
>    <sect2 id="disks-fstab">
>      <title> <filename>fstab</filename> ÀÉ</title>
>      <indexterm>
>	<primary>ÀÉ®×¨t²Î file systems</primary>
>	<secondary>¥Ñfstab±¾¸ü mounted with fstab</secondary>
>      </indexterm>
>
>      <para>¦b <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> 
>        ¸Ì±¦³³]©wªºÀÉ®×¨t²Î·|¦b<link linkend="boot">¶}¾÷</link>ªº¹Lµ{¤¤¦Û°Ê¦a³Q±¾¸ü
>        (°£«D¸ÓÀÉ®×¨t²Î¦³³Q¥[¤W <option>noauto</option> °Ñ¼Æ)¡C</para>
>
>      <para><filename>/etc/fstab</filename> ÀÉ®×¤º®eªº®æ¦¡¦p¤U¡G</para>
>
>      <programlisting><replaceable>device</replaceable>       <replaceable>/mount-point</replaceable> <replaceable>fstype</replaceable>     <replaceable>options</replaceable>      <replaceable>dumpfreq</replaceable>     <replaceable>passno</replaceable></programlisting>
>
>      <variablelist>
>	<varlistentry>
>	  <term><literal>device</literal></term>
>	  <listitem>
>	    <para>¸Ë¸m¦WºÙ (¸Ó¸Ë¸m¥²¶·¯uªº¦s¦b)¡C ¸Ô±¡½Ð°Ñ¾\
>	      <xref linkend="disks-naming">.</para>
>	  </listitem>
>	</varlistentry>
>
>	<varlistentry>
>	  <term><literal>mount-point</literal></term>
>            
>	  <listitem><para>ÀÉ®×¨t²În±¾¸ü¨ìªº¥Ø¿ý (¸Ó¥Ø¿ý¥²¶·¯uªº¦s¦b)¡C</para>
>	  </listitem>
>	</varlistentry>
>          
>	<varlistentry>
>	  <term><literal>fstype</literal></term>
>            
>	  <listitem><para>ÀÉ®×¨t²ÎÃþ«¬¡A³o¬On¶Çµ¹ &man.mount.8; ªº°Ñ¼Æ¡C 
>              FreeBSD ¹w³]ªºÀÉ®×¨t²Î¬O <literal>ufs</literal>¡C</para>
>	  </listitem>
>	</varlistentry>
>          
>	<varlistentry>
>	  <term><literal>options</literal></term>
>            
>	  <listitem>
>          <para> ¥iÅª¥i¼gªºÀÉ®×¨t²Î¥Î 
>            <option>rw</option>¡A¦Ó°ßÅªªºÀÉ®×¨t²Î«h¬O¥Î 
>	    <option>ro</option>¡A«á±µø»ÝnÁÙ¥i¥H¥[¨ä¥L¿ï¶µ¡C
>            ±`¨£ªº¿ï¶µ¦p <option>noauto</option> 
>            ¬O¥Î¦b¤£n©ó¶}¾÷¹Lµ{¤¤¦Û°Êªº±¾¸üªºÀÉ®×¨t²Î¡C 
>            ¨ä¥L§ó¦hªº¿ï¶µ¥i¥H¦b &man.mount.8; ¸Ì±§ä¨ì¡C</para>
>	  </listitem>
>	</varlistentry>
>          
>	<varlistentry>
>	  <term><literal>dumpfreq</literal></term>
>          
>	  <listitem>
>	    <para> &man.dump.8; ¥Ñ¦¹¶µ¥Ø¨M©w¨º¨ÇÀÉ®×¨t²Î»Ýn¶É¦L¡C
>	      ¦pªG³o®æªÅ¥Õ«h¥H¹s¬°¹w³]È¡C</para>
>	  </listitem>
>	</varlistentry>
>
>	<varlistentry>
>	  <term><literal>passno</literal></term>
>
>	  <listitem>
>            <para>³oÓ¶µ¥Ø¨M©wÀÉ®×¨t²ÎÀË¬dªº¶¶§Ç¡C 
>	      ¹ï©ón¸õ¹LÀË¬dªºÀÉ®×¨t²Î¡A¥¦Ìªº <literal>passno</literal> 
>	      Èn³]¬°¹s¡C ®ÚÀÉ®×¨t²Îªº <literal>passno</literal> ÈÀ³³]¬°¤@ 
>	      (¦]¬°»Ýn¤ñ©Ò¦³¨ä¥LªºÁÙn¥ýÀË¬d)¡A¦Ó¨ä¥LªºÀÉ®×¨t²Îªº
>	      <literal>passno</literal> ÈÀ³¸Ón³]±o¤ñ¤@¤j¡C
>	      Y¦³¦hÓÀÉ®×¨t²Î¨ã¦³¬Û¦Pªº <literal>passno</literal> È¡A«h
>	      &man.fsck.8; ·|¸ÕµÛ¥¦æ¦a(¦pªG¥i¯àªº¸Ü)ÀË¬d³o¨ÇÀÉ®×¨t²Î¡C
>            </para>
>         </listitem>
>	</varlistentry>
>      </variablelist>
>
>      <para>§ó¦hÃö©ó <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> 
>	ÀÉ®×®æ¦¡¤Î¿ï¶µªº¸ê°T½Ð°Ñ¾\ &man.fstab.5; »¡©ú¤å¥ó¡C</para>
>    </sect2>
>
>    <sect2 id="disks-mount">
>      <title><command>mount</command> «ü¥O</title>
>      <indexterm>
>	<primary>ÀÉ®×¨t²Î file systems</primary>
>	<secondary>±¾¸ü mounting</secondary>
>      </indexterm>
>        
>      <para> &man.mount.8; «ü¥O¬O®³¨Ó±¾¸üÀÉ®×¨t²Î¥Îªº¡C</para>
>        
>      <para>°ò¥»ªº¾Þ§@«ü¥O®æ¦¡¦p¤U:</para>
>
>      <informalexample>
>	<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mount <replaceable>device</replaceable> <replaceable>mountpoint</replaceable></userinput></screen>
>      </informalexample>
>
>      <para>¦b &man.mount.8; 
>	¸Ì±¦³´£¨ì¤@¤j°ïªº¿ï¶µ¡A¤£¹L³Ì±`¥Îªº´N¬O³o¨Ç¡G</para>
>
>      <variablelist>
>	<title>±¾¸ü¿ï¶µ</title>
>
>	<varlistentry>
>	  <term><option>-a</option></term>
>            
>	  <listitem>
>	    <para> §â <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> 
>	      ¸Ì±©Ò¦³ÁÙ¨S¦³³Q±¾¸ü¡B¨S¦³³Q¼Ð°O¦¨ <quote>noauto</quote> 
>	      ¦Ó¥B¨S¦³¥Î <option>-t</option> ±Æ°£ªºÀÉ®×¨t²Î±¾¸ü°_¨Ó¡C</para>
>	  </listitem>
>	</varlistentry>
>          
>	<varlistentry>
>	  <term><option>-d</option></term>
>            
>	  <listitem>
>	    <para>°õ¦æ©Ò¦³ªº°Ê§@¡A¦ý¬O¤£¯uªº¥h©I¥s±¾¸üªº system call¡C
>	      ³oÓ¿ï¶µ©M <option>-v</option> ·f°t®³¨Ó±À´ú &man.mount.8;
>	      ±Nn°µ¤°»ò°Ê§@®É«Ü¦n¥Î¡C</para>
>	  </listitem>
>	</varlistentry>
>          
>	<varlistentry>
>	  <term><option>-f</option></term>
>
>	  <listitem>
>	    <para>±j¢±¾¸ü¤£°®²bªºÀÉ®×¨t²Î (¦MÀI)¡A©Î¬O¥Î¨Ó±j¨î¨ú®ø¼g¤JÅv
>	      (§âÀÉ®×¨t²Îªº±¾¸üª¬ºA±q¥i¦s¨úÅÜ¦¨°ßÅª)¡C</para>
>	  </listitem>
>	</varlistentry>
>          
>	<varlistentry>
>          <term><option>-r</option></term>
>            
>	  <listitem>
>	    <para>¥Î°ßÅªªº¤è¦¡±¾¸üÀÉ®×¨t²Î¡C ³oÓ¿ï¶µ©M¦b <option>-o</option>
>	      ¿ï¶µ¤¤«ü©w <option>ro</option> (¦b &os; 5.2¤§«eªºª©¥»¬O¥Î
>	      <option>rdonly</option>) °Ñ¼Æ¬O¤@¼Ëªº¡C</para>
>	  </listitem>
>	</varlistentry>
>          
>	<varlistentry>
>	  <term><option>-t</option>
>	    <replaceable>fstype</replaceable></term>
>
>	  <listitem>
>	    <para> ¥Î«ü©wªºÀÉ®×¨t²Î«¬ºA (fstype) 
>	      ¨Ó±¾¸ü«ü©wªºÀÉ®×¨t²Î¡A©Î¬O¦b¦³ <option>-a</option>
>	      ¿ï¶µ®É¥u±¾¸ü«ü©w«¬ºAªºÀÉ®×¨t²Î¡C</para>
>              
>	    <para>¹w³]ªºÀÉ®×¨t²Î¬O <quote>ufs</quote>¡C</para>
>	  </listitem>
>	</varlistentry>
>          
>	<varlistentry>
>	  <term><option>-u</option></term>
>            
>	  <listitem>
>	    <para>§ó·sÀÉ®×¨t²Îªº±¾¸ü¿ï¶µ¡C</para>
>	  </listitem>
>	</varlistentry>
>          
>	<varlistentry>
>	  <term><option>-v</option></term>
>            
>	  <listitem>
>	    <para>Åã¥Ü¸û¸Ô²Ó¸ê°T¡C</para>
>	  </listitem>
>	</varlistentry>
>          
>	<varlistentry>
>	  <term><option>-w</option></term>
>            
>	  <listitem>
>	    <para>¥H¥i¦s¨úªº¼Ò¦¡±¾¸üÀÉ®×¨t²Î¡C</para>
>	  </listitem>
>	</varlistentry>
>      </variablelist>
>        
>      <para> <option>-o</option> 
>	¿ï¶µ«á±±µµÛ¥Ñ³r¸¹¤À¹jªº°Ñ¼Æ¦Cªí¡A¨Ò¦p³o¨Ç°Ñ¼Æ¡G</para>
>      <variablelist>
>	<varlistentry>
>	  <term>nodev</term>
>            
>	  <listitem>
>	    <para>¤£¸ÑªRÀÉ®×¨t²Î¤Wªº¯S®í¸Ë¸m¡A³o¬O¤@ÓÆZ¦³¥Îªº¦w¥þ¿ï¶µ¡C</para>
>	  </listitem>
>	</varlistentry>
>          
>	<varlistentry>
>	  <term>noexec</term>
>            
>	  <listitem>
>            <para>¤£¤¹³\¦b³oÓÀÉ®×¨t²Î¤W°õ¦æ¤G¶i¦ìµ{¦¡½X¡A³o¤]¬O¤@ÓÆZ¦³¥Îªº¦w¥þ¿ï¶µ¡C</para>
>	  </listitem>
>	</varlistentry>
>          
>	<varlistentry>
>	  <term>nosuid</term>
>            
>	  <listitem>
>	    <para>¤£¸ÑªRÀÉ®×¨t²Î¤Wªº setuid ©Î setgid ºX¼Ð¡A³o¤]¬O¤@ÓÆZ¦³¥Îªº¦w¥þ¿ï¶µ¡C</para>
>	  </listitem>
>	</varlistentry>
>      </variablelist>
>    </sect2>
>
>    <sect2 id="disks-umount">
>      <title><command>umount</command> «ü¥O</title>
>      <indexterm>
>	<primary>ÀÉ®×¨t²Î file systems</primary>
>	<secondary>¨ø¸ü unmounting</secondary>
>      </indexterm>
>        
>        <para>&man.umount.8; «ü¥Oªº°Ñ¼Æ¥i¥H¬O±¾¸üÂI 
>	  (mountpoint)¡A¸Ë¸m¦WºÙ¡A¥H¤Î <option>-a</option> ©Î¬O 
>	  <option>-A</option> µ¥¿ï¶µ¡C</para>
>
>        <para>¥[¤W <option>-f</option> ¥i¥H±j¨î¨ø¸ü¡A¥[¤W <option>-v</option>
>	  «h¬O·|Åã¥Ü¸Ô²Ó¸ê°T¡C nª`·Nªº¬O¤@¯ë¨Ó»¡¥Î <option>-f</option> 
>          ¨Ã¤£¬OÓ¦n¥D·N¡A±j¨î¨ø¸üÀÉ®×¨t²Î¦³¥i¯à·|³y¦¨¹q¸£·í¾÷©Î¬O·lÃaÀÉ®×¨t²Î¤ºªº¸ê®Æ¡C</para>
>        
>        <para><option>-a</option> ©M <option>-A</option> 
>          ¬O¥Î¨Ó¨ø¸ü©Ò¦³¤w±¾¸üªºÀÉ®×¨t²Î¡A¥t¥~ÁÙ¥i¥H¥Î <option>-t</option>
>          ¨Ó«ü©wn¨ø¸üªº¬Oþ¨ÇºØÃþªºÀÉ®×¨t²Î¡C nª`·Nªº¬O <option>-A</option>
>	  ¨Ã¤£·|¸Õ¹Ï¨ø¸ü®ÚÀÉ®×¨t²Î¡C</para>
>
>    </sect2>
>  </sect1>
>
>  <sect1 id="basics-processes">
>    <title>µ{§Ç</title>
>
>    <para>FreeBSD ¬O¤@Ó¦h¤uªº§@·~¨t²Î¡A¤]´N¬O»¡¦b¦P¤@®É¶¡¤º¥i¥H¶]¶W¹L¤@Óµ{¦¡¡C
>      ¨C¤@Ó¥¿¦bªá®É¶¡¶]ªºµ{¦¡´N¥s°µ <firstterm>µ{§Ç (process)</firstterm>¡C
>      ±z¤Uªº¨CÓ«ü¥O³£¦Ü¤Ö·|¶}±Ò¤@Ó·sªºµ{§Ç¡A¦Ó¦³¨Ç¨t²Îµ{§Ç¬O¤@ª½¦b¶]¥Hºû«ù¨t²Î¥¿±`¹B§@ªº¡C</para>
>
>    <para>¨C¤@Óµ{§Ç³£¦³¤@Ó¤£«ÂÐªº¼Æ¦r¥s°µ <firstterm>process ID
>      </firstterm>¡A©ÎºÙ¬° <firstterm>PID
>      </firstterm>¡A¦Ó¥B´N¹³ÀÉ®×¤@¼Ë¡A¨C¤@Óµ{§Ç¤]¦³¾Ö¦³ªÌ¤Î¸s²Õ¡C
>        ¾Ö¦³ªÌ¤Î¸s²Õªº¸ê°T¬O¥Î¨Ó¨M©w¤°»òÀÉ®×©Î¸Ë¸m¬O³oÓµ{§Ç¥i¥H¶}±Òªº
>	(«e±¦³´£¨ì¹LÀÉ®×Åv)¡C ¤j³¡¥÷ªºµ{§Ç³£¦³¤÷µ{§Ç¡C 
>	¤÷µ{§Ç¬O¶}±Ò³oÓµ{§Çªºµ{§Ç¡A¨Ò¦p¡G±z¹ï shell ¿é¤J«ü¥O¡Ashell
>        ¥»¨´N¬O¤@Óµ{§Ç¡A¦Ó±z°õ¦æªº«ü¥O¤]¬Oµ{§Ç¡C 
>	¨C¤@Ó±z¥Î³oºØ¤è¦¡¶]ªºµ{§Çªº¤÷µ{§Ç³£¬O shell¡C
>        ¦³¤@Ó¯S§Oªºµ{§Ç¥s°µ &man.init.8; ¬OÓ¨Ò¥~¡C <command>init</command>
>	¥Ã»·¬O²Ä¤@Óµ{§Ç¡A©Ò¥H¥Lªº PID ¤@ª½³£·|¬O 1¡C ¦b FreeBSD ¶}¾÷ªº®ÉÔ 
>	<command>init</command> ·|¦Û°Ê¦a³Q kernel ¶}±Ò¡C</para>
>        
>    <para> n¬Ý¨t²Î°õ¦æ¤¤ªºµ{§Ç¡A¦³¨âÓ¬Û·í¦³¥Îªº«ü¥O¥i¥Î¡G
>      &man.ps.1; ¥H¤Î &man.top.1;¡C<command>ps</command> 
>      «ü¥O¬O¥Î¨Ó¦C¥X¥¿¦b°õ¦æ¤§µ{§Ç¡A¦Ó¥B¥i¥H¨q¥¦Ìªº 
>      PID¡B¥Î¤F¦h¤Ö°O¾ÐÅé¡B°õ¦æªº«ü¥O¦WºÙ¤Î¨ä«á¤§°Ñ¼Æ¬O¤°»òµ¥µ¥¡C
>      <command>top</command> 
>      «ü¥O«h¬OÅã¥Ü©Ò¦³¥¿¦b°õ¦æªºµ{§Ç¡A¨Ã¥B¼Æ¬íÄÁ§ó·s¤@¦¸¡C
>      ¦]¦¹±z¥i¥H¤¬°Ê¦¡ªºÆ[¬Ý±zªº¹q¸£¥¿¦b°µ¤°»ò¡C</para>
>    <para>¦b¹w³]ªº±¡ªp¤U¡A<command>ps</command> 
>      «ü¥O¥u·|¨q¥X±z©Ò¾Ö¦³ªºªºµ{§Ç¡C ¨Ò¦p¡G</para>
>        
>    <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>ps</userinput>
>  PID  TT  STAT      TIME COMMAND
>  298  p0  Ss     0:01.10 tcsh
> 7078  p0  S      2:40.88 xemacs mdoc.xsl (xemacs-21.1.14)
>37393  p0  I      0:03.11 xemacs freebsd.dsl (xemacs-21.1.14)
>48630  p0  S      2:50.89 /usr/local/lib/netscape-linux/navigator-linux-4.77.bi
>48730  p0  IW     0:00.00 (dns helper) (navigator-linux-)
>72210  p0  R+     0:00.00 ps
>  390  p1  Is     0:01.14 tcsh
> 7059  p2  Is+    1:36.18 /usr/local/bin/mutt -y
> 6688  p3  IWs    0:00.00 tcsh
>10735  p4  IWs    0:00.00 tcsh
>20256  p5  IWs    0:00.00 tcsh
>  262  v0  IWs    0:00.00 -tcsh (tcsh)
>  270  v0  IW+    0:00.00 /bin/sh /usr/X11R6/bin/startx -- -bpp 16
>  280  v0  IW+    0:00.00 xinit /home/nik/.xinitrc -- -bpp 16
>  284  v0  IW     0:00.00 /bin/sh /home/nik/.xinitrc
>  285  v0  S      0:38.45 /usr/X11R6/bin/sawfish</screen>
>
>    <para>¦b³oÓ½d¨Ò¸Ì¥i¥H¬Ý¨ì &man.ps.1; ªº¿é¥X¤À¦¨¦n´XÓÄæ¦ì¡C
>      <literal>PID</literal> ´N¬O«e±¦³´£¨ìªº process ID¡C PID ªº¤À°t¬O±q
>      1 ¶}©l¤@ª½¨ì 99999¡A¦pªG¥Î§¹ªº¸Ü¤S·|Â¶¦^¨Ó«ÀY¶}©l¤À°t¡C
>      <literal>TT</literal> Äæ¦ì¬O«ü³oÓµ{¦¡¦bþÓ tty 
>      ¤W°õ¦æ¡A¦b³o¸Ì¥i¥H¥ý©¿²¤¤£ºÞ¡C <literal>STAT</literal> 
>      ¬Oµ{¦¡ªºª¬ºA¡A¤]¥i¥H¥ý¤£nºÞ¡C <literal>TIME</literal> ¬O³oÓµ{¦¡¦b 
>      CPU ¤W°õ¦æªº®É¶¡&mdash;
>      ³o³q±`¤£¬Oµ{¦¡Á`¦@ªáªº®É¶¡¡A¦]¬°·í±z¶}©l°õ¦æµ{¦¡«á¡A¤j³¡¥÷ªºµ{¦¡¦b CPU 
>      ¤W°õ¦æ«e·|¥ýªá¤W¤£¤Ö®É¶¡µ¥«Ý¡C ³Ì«á¡A<literal>COMMAND</literal> 
>      ¬O°õ¦æ³oÓµ{¦¡ªº©R¥O¦C¡C</para>
>        
>    <para>&man.ps.1; 
>      ¦³´XÓ¤£¦Pªº¿ï¶µ²Õ¦X¥i¥H¥Î¨ÓÅÜ§óÅã¥Ü¥X¨Óªº¸ê°T¡A¨ä¤¤¤@Ó³Ì¦³¥Îªº²Õ¦X¬O
>      <literal>auxww</literal>¡C <option>a</option> 
>      Åã¥Ü©Ò¦³¥¿¦b¶]ªºµ{§Çªº«ü¥O¡A¤£¥u¬O±z¦Û¤wªº¡C <option>u</option> 
>      Åã¥Üµ{§Çªº¾Ö¦³ªÌ¦WºÙ¥H¤Î°O¾ÐÅé¨Ï¥Î±¡ªp¡C <option>x</option>
>      §â daemon µ{§ÇÅã¥Ü¥X¨Ó¡A¦Ó <option>ww</option> Åý &man.ps.1;
>      Åã¥Ü¥X§¹¾ãªº©R¥O¦C¤º®e¡A¦Ó¤£¬O°t¦X¿Ã¹õªº¼e«×Åã¥Ü¥X¸g¹L¾A«×µô°Åªº¤º®e¡C
>      </para>
>        
>    <para> &man.top.1; ¤]¦³Ãþ¦üªº¿é¥X¡C ¤@¯ëªº±¡ªp¬Ý¹³¬O³o¼Ë¡G</para>
>
>    <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>top</userinput>
>last pid: 72257;  load averages:  0.13,  0.09,  0.03    up 0+13:38:33  22:39:10
>47 processes:  1 running, 46 sleeping
>CPU states: 12.6% user,  0.0% nice,  7.8% system,  0.0% interrupt, 79.7% idle
>Mem: 36M Active, 5256K Inact, 13M Wired, 6312K Cache, 15M Buf, 408K Free
>Swap: 256M Total, 38M Used, 217M Free, 15% Inuse
>
>  PID USERNAME PRI NICE  SIZE    RES STATE    TIME   WCPU    CPU COMMAND
>72257 nik       28   0  1960K  1044K RUN      0:00 14.86%  1.42% top
> 7078 nik        2   0 15280K 10960K select   2:54  0.88%  0.88% xemacs-21.1.14
>  281 nik        2   0 18636K  7112K select   5:36  0.73%  0.73% XF86_SVGA
>  296 nik        2   0  3240K  1644K select   0:12  0.05%  0.05% xterm
>48630 nik        2   0 29816K  9148K select   3:18  0.00%  0.00% navigator-linu
>  175 root       2   0   924K   252K select   1:41  0.00%  0.00% syslogd
> 7059 nik        2   0  7260K  4644K poll     1:38  0.00%  0.00% mutt
>..</screen>
>
>    <para>¿é¥Xªº¸ê°T¤À¦¨¨âÓ³¡¥÷¡C¶}ÀY («e¤¦æ) ¨q¥X³Ìªñ¤@Óµ{§Çªº 
>      PID¡B¨t²Î¥§¡t¸ü (¨t²Î¦³¦h¦£¿ýªº´ú¸Õ)¡B¨t²Îªº¶}¾÷®É¶¡ 
>      (±q¤W¦¸«¶}ºâ°_) ¥H¤Î²{¦bªº®É¶¡µ¥¡C 
>      ¦b¶}ÀY¸Ì±ªº¨ä¥L¼Æ¦r¤À§O¬O¦bÁ¿¦³¦h¤Öµ{§Ç¥¿¦b°õ¦æ 
>      (¦b¥»¨Ò¤¤¬°47)¡B¦³¦h¤Ö°O¾ÐÅé¤Î swap space 
>      ³Q¥e¥Î¤F¡AÁÙ¦³´N¬O¨t²Î¤À§Oªá¤F¦h¤Ö®É¶¡¦b¤£¦Pªº CPU ª¬ºA¤W¡C</para>
>
>    <para>±µ¤U¨Óªº³¡¥÷¬O¥Ñ¦n´XÓÄæ¦ì©Òºc¦¨¡A©M &man.ps.1; ¿é¥Xªº¸ê°TÃþ¦ü¡C
>      ´N¦p¦P«e¨Ò¡A±z¥i¥H¬Ý¨ì PID¡B¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¦WºÙ¡BCPU 
>      ªá¶Oªº®É¶¡¥H¤Î¥¿¦b°õ¦æªº«ü¥O¡C &man.top.1; 
>      ¦b¹w³]ªº±¡ªp¤UÁÙ·|§i¶D±zµ{§Ç¥Î±¼¤F¦h¤Öªº°O¾ÐÅéªÅ¶¡¡C
>      ¦b³oÃä·|¤À¦¨¨âÄæ¡A¤@Ó¬OÁ`¥Î¶q (total size)¡A¥t¤@Ó¬O¹ê»Ú¥Î¶q
>      (resident size)&mdash;Á`¥Î¶q¬O«ü³oÓÀ³¥Îµ{¦¡»Ýnªº°O¾ÐÅéªÅ¶¡¡A¦Ó¹ê»Ú¥Î¶q«h¬O«ü¹ê»Ú¤W¸Óµ{¦¡ªº°O¾ÐÅé¨Ï¥Î¶q¡C
>      ¦b³oÓ¨Ò¤l¸Ì±±z¥i¥H¬Ý¨ì <application>&netscape;</application> 
>      n¤F´X¥G¨ì 30 MB ªº RAM¡A¦ý¬O¥u¦³¥Î¨ì 9 MB¡C</para>
>    
>    <para>&man.top.1; ¨C¹j 2 ¬íÄÁ·|¦Û°Ê§ó·sÅã¥Ü¤º®e¡A¥i¥Î <option>s</option> 
>      ¿ï¶µ¨Ó§ïÅÜ¶¡¹jªº®É¶¡¡C</para>
>    
>  </sect1>
>
>  <sect1 id="basics-daemons">
>    <title>Daemon¡B«H¸¹¤Î²×¤îµ{§Ç</title>
>
>    <para>·í¦b°õ¦æ¤å®Ñ½s¿è¾¹ªº®ÉÔ¡A±z¥i¥H¥Î«ÜÂ²³æªº¤è¦¡¾Þ§@¥¦¡An¥¦Åª¨úÀÉ®×©Î¬O¤°»òªº¡C
>      ¥i¥H³o¼Ë°µ¬O¦]¬°½s¿è¾¹¦³´£¨Ñ³o¨Ç¥\¯à¡AÁÙ¦³´N¬O½s¿è¾¹¨Ìªþ¦b¤@Ó<firstterm>²×ºÝ¾÷ (Terminal)
>      </firstterm>¤§¤W¡C
>      ¦³¨Çµ{¦¡¨Ã¤£¬O³]p¦¨¤@ª½¦b±µ¦¬¨Ï¥ÎªÌªº¿é¤Jªº¡A©Ò¥H¥¦Ì¦b¤@¶}©l°õ¦æªº®ÉÔ´N±q²×ºÝ¾÷Â_¶}¤F¡C
>      ¨Ò¦p»¡¡Aºô¶¦øªA¾¹¾ã¤Ñ³£¦b¦^À³ºô¶¤è±ªºn¨D¡A¥¦³q±`¤£»Ýn±z¿é¤J¥ô¦óªF¦è¡C
>      ¥t¥~¹³¬O§â«H±q¤@Ó¯¸¶Ç°e¨ì¥t¤@Ó¯¸ªºµ{¦¡¤]¬O³oºØÃþ«¬ªºÀ³¥Îµ{¦¡¡C</para>
>        
>    <para>§ÚÌ§â³oºØµ{¦¡ºÙ§@ <firstterm>daemon</firstterm>¡C 
>      Daemon (´cÅ]¡B¦uÅ@¯«) 
>      ¬O§ÆÃ¾¯«¸Ü¤¤ªº¨¤¦â¡A¥LÌ¤£ÄÝ©óµ½¨}°}Àç©Î¨¸´c°}Àç¡A¬O¦uÅ@ªº¤pºëÆF¡C
>      ¤jP¤W¨Ó»¡¥LÌ´N¬O¦b´À¤HÃþ°µ¤@¨Ç¦³¥Îªº¨Æ±¡¡A¸ò¤µ¤Ñªººô¶¦øªA¾¹©Î¬O¶l¥ó¦øªA¾¹«Ü¹³¡C
>      ³o¤]´N¬O¬°¤°»ò BSD 
>      ªº¦N²»ª«ªø´Á¥H¨Ó³£¬O¤@°¦¬ïµÛ¦|¥¬¾c®³µÛ¤T¤e¯Òªº§Ö¼Ö¤p´cÅ]
>      (Ä¶µù¡G²ßºD¥Îªk¡A¤£¥NªíÄÝ©ó¨¸´c°}Àç) ªºì¦]¡C</para>
>
>    <para>³q±`¨Ó»¡ deamon µ{¦¡ªº¦W¦r«á±³£·|¥[¤@Ó¦r¥À <quote>d</quote>¡C
>      <application>BIND</application> ¬O Berkeley Internet Name Daemon 
>      ªºÁY¼g (³q±`¹ê»Ú¤W°õ¦æªºµ{¦¡¦WºÙ¬O <command>named</command>)¡BApache
>      ºô¶¦øªA¾¹ªºµ{¦¡¦WºÙ¬O¥s°µ 
>      <command>httpd</command>¡B¦Lªí¾÷ªA°Èµ{¸Õ¥s 
>      <command>lpd</command>¡A¨Ì¦¹Ãþ±À¡C 
>      ³o¬O¤@ºØ²ßºD¥Îªk¡A¨S¦³µw©Ê³W©w¡A¨Ò¦p <application>Sendmail</application>
>      ¥Dnªº±H«H daemon ¬O¥s°µ <command>sendmail</command> ¦Ó¤£¬O 
>      <command>maild</command>¡A¸ò±z·Q¹³ªº¤£¤@¼Ë¡C</para>
>
>    <para>¦b¦³¨Ç®ÉÔ±z·|¹J»Ýn¸ò¬YÓ daemon µ{§Ç·¾³qªº±¡ªp¡C
>      ³o¨Ç·¾³q¬O¥Ñ<firstterm>«H¸¹ (signal) </firstterm>¨Ó¹F¦¨ªº¡C
>      ÂÇ¥Ñ°e¥X«H¸¹¡A±z¥i¥H©M¤@Ó daemon (©Î¬O¥ô¦ó¤@Ó¥¿¦b¶]ªºµ{§Ç) ·¾³q¡C
>      «H¸¹¦³«Ü¦hºØ&mdash;¦³¨Ç¦³¯S©wªº·N¸q¡A¦³¨Ç«h¬O·|¥ÑÀ³¥Îµ{¦¡¨Ó¸ÑÅª¡C
>      À³¥Îµ{¦¡ªº»¡©ú¤å¥ó·|§i¶D±z¸Óµ{¦¡¬O¦p¦ó¸ÑÅª«H¸¹ªº¡C
>      ±z¥u¯à°e«H¸¹µ¹±z¾Ö¦³ªºµ{§Ç¡A°e &man.kill.1; ©Î &man.kill.2;
>      ªº«H¸¹µ¹§O¤Hªºµ{§Ç¬O¤£³Q¤¹³\ªº¡C ¤£¹L <username> root </username>
>      ¤£¨ü¦¹¨î¡A¥L¥i¥H°e«H¸¹µ¹¥ô¦ó¤Hªºµ{§Ç¡C</para>
>
>    <para>FreeBSD ¥»¨¦b¬Y¨Ç±¡ªp¤]·|°e«H¸¹µ¹À³¥Îµ{¦¡¡C
>      °²³]¦³ÓÀ³¥Îµ{¦¡¼g±o«ÜÄê¡AµM«á¥ø¹Ïn¦s¨ú¥¦¤£¸Ó¸Iªº°O¾ÐÅéªº®ÉÔ¡AFreeBSD
>      ·|°e¤@Ó <firstterm>Segmentation Violation</firstterm> «H¸¹ 
>      (<literal>SIGSEGV</literal>) µ¹³oÓµ{§Ç¡C 
>      ¤S¦pªG¦³¤@ÓÀ³¥Îµ{¦¡¥Î¤F &man.alarm.3; ªº system call 
>      n¨D¨t²Î¦b¹L¤@¬q®É¶¡¤§«á¥s¥L¤@¤U¡A®É¶¡¨ì¤Fªº®ÉÔ¾xÄÁªº«H¸¹
>      (<literal>SIGALRM</literal>) ´N·|³Q°e¥X¤F¡A¨ä¥Lªº¨Ì¦¹Ãþ±À¡C</para>
>
>    <para><literal>SIGTERM</literal> and <literal>SIGKILL</literal> 
>      ³o¨âÓ«H¸¹¥i¥H®³¨Ó²×¤îµ{§Ç¡C ¥Î <literal>SIGTERM</literal> 
>      µ²§ôµ{§Ç¬O¤ñ¸û¦³Â§»ªªº¤è¦¡¡A¸Óµ{§Ç·|<emphasis>®·®» (catch) </emphasis>
>      ³oÓ«H¸¹¦Ó¤F¸Ñ¨ì±z·Qn§â¥LÃö±¼¡C
>      ±µµÛ¤U¨Ó¥¦·|§â¥¦¦Û¤w¶}ªº°O¿ýÀÉ³q³qÃö±¼¡AµM«á¦bÃö±¼µ{§Ç¤§«eµ²§ô±¼¤âÃäªº¤u§@¡C
>      ¦b¬Y¨Ç±¡ªp¤Uµ{§Ç¦³¥i¯à·|¸Ë§@¨S¬Ý¨£
>      <literal>SIGTERM</literal>¡A°²¦p¥¦¥¿¦b°µ¤@¨Ç¤£¯à¤¤Â_ªº¤u§@ªº¸Ü¡C</para>
>    <para><literal>SIGKILL</literal> ´N¨S¦³¿ìªk³Qµ{§Ç©¿²¤¤F¡C
>      ³o¬O¤@Ó<quote>§ÚºÞ§A¥¿¦b·F¹À¡A²{¦b´Nµ¹§Ú°±¤U¨Ó</quote>ªº«H¸¹¡C
>      ¦pªG±z°e¤F <literal>SIGKILL</literal> «H¸¹µ¹¬YÓµ{§Ç¡AFreeBSD
>      ±N·|§â¥¦°±±¼<footnote>
>    <para> ¤£§¹¥þ¥¿½T&mdash;ÁÙ¬O¦³¤Ö¼ÆªF¦è¤£¯à³Q¤¤Â_¡C
>      ¨Ò¦p¦³Óµ{§Ç¥¿¦b±qºô¸ô¤Wªº§Oªº¹q¸£Åª¤@ÓÀÉ®×¡A¦Ó¨º³¡¹q¸£¦]¬°¬Y¨Ç²z¥Ñ³s¤£¨ì
>      (¾÷¾¹³QÃö±¼¡A©Î¬Oºô¸ôÄê±¼¤F)¡A¨º³oÓµ{§Ç§ÚÌ´N»¡¥L¬O¤@Ó<quote>¤£¯à¤¤Â_ªº</quote>µ{§Ç¡C
>      ³q±`¦b¸g¹L¨â¤ÀÄÁ¥ª¥k¤§«á³oÓµ{§Ç·|¹O®É¡C 
>      ·íµo¥Í¹O®Éªº®ÉÔ³oÓµ{§Ç´N·|³Qµ²§ô±¼¤F¡C</para>
>  </footnote>¡C</para>
>    
>    <para> ³o¨Ç¬O¨ä¥L±z¦³¥i¯à·|n¥Î¨ìªº«H¸¹¡G 
>      <literal>SIGHUP</literal>¡A<literal>SIGUSR1</literal>¡A¥H¤Î
>      <literal>SIGUSR2</literal>¡C
>      ³o¨Ç¬O³q¥Îªº«H¸¹¡A·í°e¥X®É¤£¦PªºÀ³¥Îµ{¦¡·|¦³¤£¦Pªº¤ÏÀ³¡C</para>
>      
>    <para>°²³]±z§ó°Ê¤F±zªººô¶¦øªA¾¹ªº³]©wÀÉ&mdash;±z·Qn¥sºô¶¦øªA¾¹¥h«·sÅª¨ú³]©wÈ¡C
>      ±z¥i¥HÃö³¬«á¦A«·s±Ò°Ê
>      <command>httpd</command>¡A¦ý¬O³o»ò°µ·|³y¦¨ºô¶¦øªA¾¹¼È°±ªA°È¤@¬q®É¶¡¡A³o¼Ë¤l¥i¯à¤£¤Ó¦n¡C
>      ¤j³¡¥÷ªº daemon ³£¼g¦¨·|¥h¦^À³ <literal>SIGHUP</literal>¡C
>      ·í¦¬¨ì³oÓ«H¸¹¤§«á¡A¥¦Ì·|¥h«·sÅª¨ú¦Û¤wªº³]©wÀÉ¡C
>      ¦]¦¹±z¥i¥H¥Î°e <literal>SIGHUP</literal> «H¸¹¨Ó¨ú¥NÃö±¼«¶}¡C
>      ¤S¦]¬°¨S¦³¼Ð·Ç¦b³W½d¦p¦ó¦^À³³o¨Ç«H¸¹¡A¤£¦Pªº daemon 
>      ¥i¯à·|¦³¤£¦Pªº¦æ¬°¡A©Ò¥H¦³ºÃ°Ýªº¸Ü½Ð¥ý½T»{¨ÃÂ½¾\ deamon ªº»¡©ú¤å¥ó¡C</para>
>    
>    <para>«H¸¹¬O¥Ñ &man.kill.1; «ü¥O°e¥Xªº¡A¦p½d¨Ò©Ò¥Ü¡G</para>
>    
>    <procedure>
>      <title>°e«H¸¹µ¹µ{§Ç</title>
>
>      <para>³oÓ½d¨Ò±N·|¥Ü½d¦p¦ó°e¤@Ó«H¸¹µ¹ &man.inetd.8;¡C
>        <command>inetd</command> ªº³]©wÀÉ¬O
>        <filename>/etc/inetd.conf</filename>¡A¦Ó <command>inetd</command>
>        ·|¦b¦¬¨ì <literal>SIGHUP</literal> ªº®ÉÔ«·sÅª¨ú³oÓ³]©wÀÉ¡C</para>
>
>      <step>
>    <para>§ä¥X±z·Qn°e«H¸¹ªº¨ºÓµ{§Çªº ID¡C ±z·|¥Î¨ì &man.ps.1; ¥H¤Î &man.grep.1; 
>      ³o¨âÓ«ü¥O¡C &man.grep.1; ¬O¥Î¨Ó¦b¿é¥X¤¤·j´M¡A§ä¥X±z«ü©wªº¦r¦ê¡C
>      ³oÓ«ü¥O¬O¥Ñ¤@¯ë¨Ï¥ÎªÌ°õ¦æ¡A¦Ó &man.inetd.8; ¬O¥Ñ <username>root</username>
>      °õ¦æ¡A©Ò¥H¦b¨Ï¥Î &man.ps.1; ®É»Ýn¥[¤W <option>ax</option> ¿ï¶µ¡C </para>
>
>	<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>ps -ax | grep inetd</userinput>
>  198  ??  IWs    0:00.00 inetd -wW</screen>
>
>    <para>¦]¦¹¥i±o &man.inetd.8; ¤§ PID ¬° 198¡C ¦b¬Y¨Ç±¡ªp¤U
>      <literal>grep inetd</literal> ³oÓ«ü¥O¥»¨¤]·|¥X²{¦b¿é¥X¸Ì¡C
>      ³o¬O¦]¬° &man.ps.1; §ä°õ¦æ¤¤ªºµ{§Çªº¤è¦¡³y¦¨ªº¡C </para>
>      </step>
>
>      <step>
>    <para>¥Î &man.kill.1; ¨Ó°e«H¸¹¡C ¤S¦]¬° &man.inetd.8; ¬O¥Ñ 
>      <username>root</username> °õ¦æªº¡A±z¥²¶·¥Î &man.su.1; ¤Á´«¦¨
>      <username>root</username>¥ý¡C</para>
>
>	<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>su</userinput>
><prompt>Password:</prompt>
>&prompt.root; <userinput>/bin/kill -s HUP 198</userinput></screen>
>
>    <para>¤@¯ë±¡ªp¹ï¤j¦h¼Æ &unix; «ü¥O¨ÓÁ¿¡A·í &man.kill.1; 
>      °õ¦æ¦¨¥\®É¨Ã¤£·|¿é¥X¥ô¦ó°T®§¡C
>      °²³]±z°e¤@Ó«H¸¹µ¹¬YÓ¤£¬O±z©Ò¾Ö¦³ªºµ{§Ç¡A¨º»ò±z´N·|¦Y¨ì³oÓ¿ù»~°T®§¡G
>      <errorname>kill: <replaceable>PID</replaceable>: Operation not
>        permitted</errorname>¡C ¦Ó¦pªG±z¥´¿ù PID ªº¸Ü¡A
>      ¨º´N·|§â«H¸¹°eµ¹¿ù»~ªºµ{§Ç¡C
>      ¨º¥i¯à·|«ÜÁV¡A¤£¹L¦pªG±z°÷©¯¹Bªº¸Ü¡A¥i¯àè¦n´N¥u¬O§â«H¸¹°eµ¹¤@Ó«D¨Ï¥Î¤¤ªº
>      PID¡A¨º±z´N¥u·|¬Ý¨ì <errorname>kill:
>        <replaceable>PID</replaceable>: No such process</errorname>
>      ¦Ó¤w¡C</para>
>
>	<note>
>      <title>¬°¤°»ò¥Î <command>/bin/kill</command>¡H</title>
>      
>      <para>«Ü¦h shell ¦³´£¨Ñ¤º«Øªº <command>kill</command> «ü¥O¡C
>        ¤]´N¬O»¡³oºØ shell ·|ª½±µ°e«H¸¹¡A¦Ó¤£¬O°õ¦æ
>        <filename>/bin/kill</filename>¡C
>        ³o¼Ë¬OÆZ¤è«Kªº¨S¿ù°Õ¡A¦ý¬O¤£¦Pªº shell ·|¦³¤£¦Pªº»yªk¨Ó«ü©w«H¸¹ªº¦WºÙµ¥¡C
>        »P¨ä¹Á¸Õ¥h§â¥¦Ì³q³q¾Ç·|¡A¤£¦p´N³æ¯Âªºª½±µ¥Î <command>/bin/kill 
>        <replaceable>...</replaceable></command> §a¡C</para>
>	</note>
>      </step>
>    </procedure>
>
>    <para>n°e¨ä¥Lªº«H¸¹ªº¸Ü¤]¬O«D±`Ãþ¦ü¡A´Nµø»Ýn§â«ü¥O¤¤ªº 
>      <literal>TERM</literal> ©Î <literal>KILL</literal> 
>      ´À´«±¼§Y¥i¡C</para>
>    
>    <important>
>      <para>ÀH«K§ì¤@Ó¨t²Î¤¤ªºµ{§ÇµM«á§â¥L¬å±¼¨Ã¤£¬OÓ¦n¥D·N¡C 
>        ¯S§O¬O &man.init.8;¡A process ID 1¡A¤@Ó«D±`¯S§Oªºµ{§Ç¡C
>        °õ¦æ <command>/bin/kill -s KILL 1</command> 
>        ªºµ²ªG´N¬O¨t²Î¥ß¨èÃö¾÷¡C ¦]¦¹¦b±z«ö¤U <keycap>Return</keycap> 
>        n°õ¦æ &man.kill.1;<emphasis>¤§«e</emphasis>¡A
>        ½Ð<emphasis>¤@©w</emphasis>n°O±o¦A¦¸½T»{±z¤Uªº°Ñ¼Æ¡C</para>
>    </important>
>  </sect1>
>
>  <sect1 id="shells">
>    <title>Shells</title>
>    <indexterm><primary>shells</primary></indexterm>
>    <indexterm><primary>command line</primary></indexterm>
>
>    <para>In FreeBSD, a lot of everyday work is done in a command line
>      interface called a shell.  A shell's main job is to take commands
>      from the input channel and execute them.  A lot of shells also have
>      built in functions to help everyday tasks such as file management,
>      file globbing, command line editing, command macros, and environment
>      variables.  FreeBSD comes with a set of shells, such as 
>      <command>sh</command>, the Bourne Shell, and <command>tcsh</command>, 
>      the improved C-shell.  Many other shells are available
>      from the FreeBSD Ports Collection, such as
>      <command>zsh</command> and <command>bash</command>.</para>
>
>    <para>Which shell do you use?  It is really a matter of taste.  If you
>      are a C programmer you might feel more comfortable with a C-like shell
>      such as <command>tcsh</command>.  If you have come from Linux or are new 
>      to a &unix; command line interface you might try <command>bash</command>.  
>      The point is that each
>      shell has unique properties that may or may not work with your
>      preferred working environment, and that you have a choice of what
>      shell to use.</para>
>
>    <para>One common feature in a shell is filename completion.  Given
>      the typing of the first few letters of a command or filename, you
>      can usually have the shell automatically complete the rest of the
>      command or filename by hitting the <keycap>Tab</keycap> key on the keyboard.  Here is
>      an example.  Suppose you have two files called
>      <filename>foobar</filename> and <filename>foo.bar</filename>.  You
>      want to delete <filename>foo.bar</filename>.  So what you would type
>      on the keyboard is: <command>rm fo[<keycap>Tab</keycap>].[<keycap>Tab</keycap>]</command>.</para>
>
>    <para>The shell would print out <command>rm
>      foo[BEEP].bar</command>.</para>
>
>    <para>The [BEEP] is the console bell, which is the shell telling me it
>      was unable to totally complete the filename because there is more
>      than one match.  Both <filename>foobar</filename> and
>      <filename>foo.bar</filename> start with <literal>fo</literal>, but
>      it was able to complete to <literal>foo</literal>.  If you type in
>      <literal>.</literal>, then hit <keycap>Tab</keycap> again, the shell would be able to
>      fill in the rest of the filename for you.</para>
>    <indexterm><primary>environment variables</primary></indexterm>
>
>    <para>Another feature of the shell is the use of environment variables.
>      Environment variables are a variable key pair stored in the shell's
>      environment space.  This space can be read by any program invoked by
>      the shell, and thus contains a lot of program configuration.  Here
>      is a list of common environment variables and what they mean:</para>
>    <indexterm><primary>environment variables</primary></indexterm>
>
>    <informaltable frame="none" pgwide="1">
>      <tgroup cols="2">
>	<thead>
>	  <row>
>	    <entry>Variable</entry>
>	    <entry>Description</entry>
>	  </row>
>	</thead>
>
>	<tbody>
>	  <row>
>	    <entry><envar>USER</envar></entry>
>	    <entry>Current logged in user's name.</entry>
>	  </row>
>
>	  <row>
>	    <entry><envar>PATH</envar></entry>
>	    <entry>Colon separated list of directories to search for
>	      binaries.</entry>
>	  </row>
>
>	  <row>
>	    <entry><envar>DISPLAY</envar></entry>
>	    <entry>Network name of the X11 display to connect to, if
>	      available.</entry>
>	  </row>
>
>	  <row>
>	    <entry><envar>SHELL</envar></entry>
>	    <entry>The current shell.</entry>
>	  </row>
>
>	  <row>
>	    <entry><envar>TERM</envar></entry>
>	    <entry>The name of the user's terminal.  Used to determine the
>	      capabilities of the terminal.</entry>
>	  </row>
>
>	  <row>
>	    <entry><envar>TERMCAP</envar></entry>
>	    <entry>Database entry of the terminal escape codes to perform
>	      various terminal functions.</entry>
>	  </row>
>
>	  <row>
>	    <entry><envar>OSTYPE</envar></entry>
>	    <entry>Type of operating system.  e.g., FreeBSD.</entry>
>	  </row>
>
>	  <row>
>	    <entry><envar>MACHTYPE</envar></entry>
>	    <entry>The CPU architecture that the system is running
>	      on.</entry>
>	  </row>
>
>	  <row>
>	    <entry><envar>EDITOR</envar></entry>
>	    <entry>The user's preferred text editor.</entry>
>	  </row>
>
>	  <row>
>	    <entry><envar>PAGER</envar></entry>
>	    <entry>The user's preferred text pager.</entry>
>	  </row>
>
>	  <row>
>	    <entry><envar>MANPATH</envar></entry>
>	    <entry>Colon separated list of directories to search for
>	      manual pages.</entry>
>	  </row>
>	</tbody>
>      </tgroup>
>    </informaltable>
>
>    <indexterm><primary>Bourne shells</primary></indexterm>
>    <para>Setting an environment variable differs somewhat from
>      shell to shell.  For example, in the C-Style shells such as
>      <command>tcsh</command> and <command>csh</command>, you would use
>      <command>setenv</command> to set environment variables.
>      Under Bourne shells such as <command>sh</command> and
>      <command>bash</command>, you would use
>      <command>export</command> to set your current environment
>      variables.  For example, to set or modify the
>      <envar>EDITOR</envar> environment variable, under <command>csh</command> or 
>      <command>tcsh</command> a
>      command like this would set <envar>EDITOR</envar> to
>      <filename>/usr/local/bin/emacs</filename>:</para>
>
>    <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>setenv EDITOR /usr/local/bin/emacs</userinput></screen>
>
>    <para>Under Bourne shells:</para>
>
>    <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>export EDITOR="/usr/local/bin/emacs"</userinput></screen>
>
>    <para>You can also make most shells expand the environment variable by
>      placing a <literal>$</literal> character in front of it on the
>      command line.  For example, <command>echo $TERM</command> would
>      print out whatever <envar>$TERM</envar> is set to, because the shell
>      expands <envar>$TERM</envar> and passes it on to <command>echo</command>.</para>
>
>    <para>Shells treat a lot of special characters, called meta-characters
>      as special representations of data.  The most common one is the
>      <literal>*</literal> character, which represents any number of
>      characters in a filename.  These special meta-characters can be used
>      to do filename globbing.  For example, typing in
>      <command>echo *</command> is almost the same as typing in
>      <command>ls</command> because the shell takes all the files that
>      match <literal>*</literal> and puts them on the command line for
>      <command>echo</command> to see.</para>
>
>    <para>To prevent the shell from interpreting these special characters,
>      they can be escaped from the shell by putting a backslash
>      (<literal>\</literal>) character in front of them.  <command>echo
>      $TERM</command> prints whatever your terminal is set to.
>      <command>echo \$TERM</command> prints <envar>$TERM</envar> as
>      is.</para>
>
>    <sect2 id="changing-shells">
>      <title>Changing Your Shell</title>
>
>      <para>The easiest way to change your shell is to use the
>	<command>chsh</command> command.  Running <command>chsh</command> will
>	place you into the editor that is in your <envar>EDITOR</envar>
>	environment variable; if it is not set, you will be placed in
>	<command>vi</command>.  Change the <quote>Shell:</quote> line
>	accordingly.</para>
>
>      <para>You can also give <command>chsh</command> the
>	<option>-s</option> option; this will set your shell for you,
>	without requiring you to enter an editor.  
>	For example, if you wanted to
>	change your shell to <command>bash</command>, the following should do the
>	trick:</para>
>	
>      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>chsh -s /usr/local/bin/bash</userinput></screen>
>
>      <note>
>	<para>The shell that you wish to use <emphasis>must</emphasis> be
>	  present in the <filename>/etc/shells</filename> file.  If you
>	  have installed a shell from the <link linkend="ports">ports
>	  collection</link>, then this should have been done for you
>	  already.  If you installed the shell by hand, you must do
>	  this.</para>
>     
>      <para>For example, if you installed <command>bash</command> by hand
>	and placed it into <filename>/usr/local/bin</filename>, you would
>	want to:</para>
>
>      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>echo &quot;/usr/local/bin/bash&quot; &gt;&gt; /etc/shells</userinput></screen>
>
>       <para>Then rerun <command>chsh</command>.</para>
>     </note>
>   </sect2>
>  </sect1>
>
>  <sect1 id="editors">
>    <title>¤å¦r½s¿è¾¹</title>
>    <indexterm><primary>text editors</primary></indexterm>
>    <indexterm><primary>editors</primary></indexterm>
>
>    <para>A lot of configuration in FreeBSD is done by editing text files.
>      Because of this, it would be a good idea to become familiar
>      with a text editor.  FreeBSD comes with a few as part of the base
>      system, and many more are available in the Ports Collection.</para>
>
>    <indexterm>
>      <primary><command>ee</command></primary>
>    </indexterm>
>    <indexterm>
>      <primary>editors</primary>
>      <secondary><command>ee</command></secondary>
>    </indexterm>
>    <para>The easiest and simplest editor to learn is an editor called
>      <application>ee</application>, which stands for easy editor.  To
>      start <application>ee</application>, one would type at the command
>      line <command>ee <replaceable>filename</replaceable></command> where
>      <replaceable>filename</replaceable> is the name of the file to be edited.
>      For example, to edit <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>, type in
>      <command>ee /etc/rc.conf</command>.  Once inside of 
>      <command>ee</command>, all of the
>      commands for manipulating the editor's functions are listed at the
>      top of the display. The caret <literal>^</literal> character represents
>      the <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> key on the keyboard, so <literal>^e</literal> expands to the key combination
>      <keycombo action="simul"><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>e</keycap></keycombo>.  To leave
>      <application>ee</application>, hit the <keycap>Esc</keycap> key, then choose leave
>      editor.  The editor will prompt you to save any changes if the file
>      has been modified.</para>
>
>    <indexterm>
>      <primary><command>vi</command></primary>
>    </indexterm>
>    <indexterm>
>      <primary>editors</primary>
>      <secondary><command>vi</command></secondary>
>    </indexterm>
>    <indexterm>
>      <primary><command>emacs</command></primary>
>    </indexterm>
>    <indexterm>
>      <primary>editors</primary>
>      <secondary><command>emacs</command></secondary>
>    </indexterm>
>    <para>FreeBSD also comes with more powerful text editors such as
>      <application>vi</application> as part of the base system, while other editors, like
>      <application>Emacs</application> and <application>vim</application>,
>      are part of the FreeBSD Ports Collection (<filename role="package">editors/emacs</filename> and <filename role="package">editors/vim</filename>).  These editors offer much
>      more functionality and power at the expense of being a little more
>      complicated to learn.  However if you plan on doing a lot of text
>      editing, learning a more powerful editor such as
>      <application>vim</application> or <application>Emacs</application>
>      will save you much more time in the long run.</para>
>  </sect1>
>
>  <sect1 id="basics-devices">
>    <title>Devices and Device Nodes</title>
>
>    <para>A device is a term used mostly for hardware-related
>      activities in a system, including disks, printers, graphics
>      cards, and keyboards.  When FreeBSD boots, the majority
>      of what FreeBSD displays are devices being detected.
>      You can look through the boot messages again by viewing
>      <filename>/var/run/dmesg.boot</filename>.</para>
>
>    <para>For example, <devicename>acd0</devicename> is the
>      first IDE CDROM drive, while <devicename>kbd0</devicename>
>      represents the keyboard.</para>
>
>    <para>Most of these devices in a &unix; operating system must be
>      accessed through special files called device nodes, which are
>      located in the <filename>/dev</filename> directory.</para>
>
>    <sect2>
>      <title>Creating Device Nodes</title>
>      <para>When adding a new device to your system, or compiling
>	in support for additional devices, you may need to create one or
>	more device nodes for the new devices.</para>
>
>      <sect3>
>	<title>MAKEDEV Script</title>
>	<para>On systems without <literal>DEVFS</literal> (this concerns all FreeBSD versions before 5.0), device nodes are created
>	  using the &man.MAKEDEV.8; script as shown below:</para>
>
>	<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /dev</userinput>
>&prompt.root; <userinput>sh MAKEDEV ad1</userinput>
>	</screen>
>
>	<para>This example would make the proper device nodes
>	  for the second IDE drive when installed.</para>
>      </sect3>
>
>      <sect3>
>	<title><literal>DEVFS</literal> (DEVice File System)</title>
>
>	<para> The device file system, or <literal>DEVFS</literal>, provides access to
>	  kernel's device namespace in the global file system namespace.
>	  Instead of having to create and modify device nodes,
>	  <literal>DEVFS</literal> maintains this particular file system for you.</para>
>
>	<para>See the &man.devfs.5; manual page for more
>	  information.</para>
>
>	<para><literal>DEVFS</literal> is used by default in FreeBSD&nbsp;5.0 and above.</para>
>      </sect3>
>    </sect2>
>  </sect1>
>
>  <sect1 id="binary-formats">
>    <title>Binary Formats</title>
>
>    <para>To understand why &os; uses the &man.elf.5;
>      format, you must first know a little about the three currently
>      <quote>dominant</quote> executable formats for &unix;:</para>
>
>    <itemizedlist>
>      <listitem>
>        <para>&man.a.out.5;</para>
>
>        <para>The oldest and <quote>classic</quote> &unix; object
>          format.  It uses a short and compact header with a magic
>          number at the beginning that is often used to characterize
>          the format (see &man.a.out.5; for more details).  It
>          contains three loaded segments: .text, .data, and .bss plus
>          a symbol table and a string table.</para>
>      </listitem>
>
>      <listitem>
>        <para><acronym>COFF</acronym></para>
>
>        <para>The SVR3 object format.  The header now comprises a
>          section table, so you can have more than just .text, .data,
>          and .bss sections.</para>
>      </listitem>
>
>      <listitem>
>        <para>&man.elf.5;</para>
>
>        <para>The successor to <acronym>COFF</acronym>, featuring
>          multiple sections and 32-bit or 64-bit possible values.  One
>          major drawback: <acronym>ELF</acronym> was also designed
>          with the assumption that there would be only one ABI per
>          system architecture.  That assumption is actually quite
>          incorrect, and not even in the commercial SYSV world (which
>          has at least three ABIs: SVR4, Solaris, SCO) does it hold
>          true.</para>
>
>        <para>FreeBSD tries to work around this problem somewhat by
>          providing a utility for <emphasis>branding</emphasis> a
>          known <acronym>ELF</acronym> executable with information
>          about the ABI it is compliant with.  See the manual page for
>          &man.brandelf.1; for more information.</para>
>      </listitem>
>    </itemizedlist>
>
>    <para>FreeBSD comes from the <quote>classic</quote> camp and used
>      the &man.a.out.5; format, a technology tried and proven through
>      many generations of BSD releases, until the beginning of the 3.X
>      branch. Though it was possible to build and run native
>      <acronym>ELF</acronym> binaries (and kernels) on a FreeBSD
>      system for some time before that, FreeBSD initially resisted the
>      <quote>push</quote> to switch to <acronym>ELF</acronym> as the
>      default format. Why?  Well, when the Linux camp made their
>      painful transition to <acronym>ELF</acronym>, it was not so much
>      to flee the <filename>a.out</filename> executable format as it
>      was their inflexible jump-table based shared library mechanism,
>      which made the construction of shared libraries very difficult
>      for vendors and developers alike. Since the
>      <acronym>ELF</acronym> tools available offered a solution to the
>      shared library problem and were generally seen as <quote>the way
>      forward</quote> anyway, the migration cost was accepted as
>      necessary and the transition made.  FreeBSD's shared library
>      mechanism is based more closely on Sun's
>      &sunos; style shared library mechanism
>      and, as such, is very easy to use.</para>
>
>    <para>So, why are there so many different formats?</para>
>
>    <para>Back in the dim, dark past, there was simple hardware.  This
>      simple hardware supported a simple, small system. <filename>a.out</filename> was
>      completely adequate for the job of representing binaries on this
>      simple system (a PDP-11). As people ported &unix; from this simple
>      system, they retained the <filename>a.out</filename> format because it was sufficient
>      for the early ports of &unix; to architectures like the Motorola
>      68k, VAXen, etc.</para>
>
>    <para>Then some bright hardware engineer decided that if he could
>      force software to do some sleazy tricks, then he would be able
>      to shave a few gates off the design and allow his CPU core to
>      run faster. While it was made to work with this new kind of
>      hardware (known these days as <acronym>RISC</acronym>), <filename>a.out</filename>
>      was ill-suited for this hardware, so many formats were developed
>      to get to a better performance from this hardware than the
>      limited, simple <filename>a.out</filename> format could
>      offer. Things like <acronym>COFF</acronym>,
>      <acronym>ECOFF</acronym>, and a few obscure others were invented
>      and their limitations explored before things seemed to settle on
>      <acronym>ELF</acronym>.</para>
>
>    <para>In addition, program sizes were getting huge and disks (and
>      physical memory) were still relatively small so the concept of a
>      shared library was born. The VM system also became more
>      sophisticated. While each one of these advancements was done
>      using the <filename>a.out</filename> format, its usefulness was
>      stretched more and more with each new feature.  In addition,
>      people wanted to dynamically load things at run time, or to junk
>      parts of their program after the init code had run to save in
>      core memory and swap space. Languages became more sophisticated
>      and people wanted code called before main automatically. Lots of
>      hacks were done to the <filename>a.out</filename> format to
>      allow all of these things to happen, and they basically worked
>      for a time. In time, <filename>a.out</filename> was not up to
>      handling all these problems without an ever increasing overhead
>      in code and complexity. While <acronym>ELF</acronym> solved many
>      of these problems, it would be painful to switch from the system
>      that basically worked. So <acronym>ELF</acronym> had to wait
>      until it was more painful to remain with
>      <filename>a.out</filename> than it was to migrate to
>      <acronym>ELF</acronym>.</para>
>
>    <para>However, as time passed, the build tools that FreeBSD
>      derived their build tools from (the assembler and loader
>      especially) evolved in two parallel trees. The FreeBSD tree
>      added shared libraries and fixed some bugs. The GNU folks that
>      originally wrote these programs rewrote them and added simpler
>      support for building cross compilers, plugging in different
>      formats at will, and so on. Since many people wanted to build cross
>      compilers targeting FreeBSD, they were out of luck since the
>      older sources that FreeBSD had for <application>as</application> and <application>ld</application> were not up to the
>      task. The new GNU tools chain (<application>binutils</application>) does support cross
>      compiling, <acronym>ELF</acronym>, shared libraries, C++
>      extensions, etc. In addition, many vendors are releasing
>      <acronym>ELF</acronym> binaries, and it is a good thing for
>      FreeBSD to run them.</para>
>
>    <para><acronym>ELF</acronym> is more expressive than <filename>a.out</filename> and
>      allows more extensibility in the base system. The
>      <acronym>ELF</acronym> tools are better maintained, and offer
>      cross compilation support, which is important to many people.
>      <acronym>ELF</acronym> may be a little slower than <filename>a.out</filename>, but
>      trying to measure it can be difficult. There are also numerous
>      details that are different between the two in how they map
>      pages, handle init code, etc. None of these are very important,
>      but they are differences. In time support for
>      <filename>a.out</filename> will be moved out of the <filename>GENERIC</filename>
>      kernel, and eventually removed from the kernel once the need to
>      run legacy <filename>a.out</filename> programs is past.</para>
>  </sect1>
>
>  <sect1 id="basics-more-information">
>    <title>§ó¦h¸ê°T</title>
>
>    <sect2 id="basics-man">
>      <title>Manual Pages</title>
>      <indexterm><primary>manual pages</primary></indexterm>
>
>      <para>The most comprehensive documentation on FreeBSD is in the form
>	of manual pages. Nearly every program on the system comes with a
>	short reference manual explaining the basic operation and various
>	arguments. These manuals can be viewed with the <command>man</command> command.  Use
>	of the <command>man</command> command is simple:</para>
>
>      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>man <replaceable>command</replaceable></userinput></screen>
>
>      <para><literal>command</literal> is the name of the command you
>        wish to learn about.  For example, to learn more about
>	<command>ls</command> command type:</para>
>
>      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>man ls</userinput></screen>
>
>      <para>The online manual is divided up into numbered sections:</para>
>
>      <orderedlist>
>	<listitem>
>	  <para>User commands.</para>
>	</listitem>
>
>	<listitem>
>	  <para>System calls and error numbers.</para>
>	</listitem>
>
>	<listitem>
>	  <para>Functions in the C libraries.</para>
>	</listitem>
>
>	<listitem>
>	  <para>Device drivers.</para>
>	</listitem>
>
>	<listitem>
>	  <para>File formats.</para>
>	</listitem>
>
>	<listitem>
>	  <para>Games and other diversions.</para>
>	</listitem>
>
>	<listitem>
>	  <para>Miscellaneous information.</para>
>	</listitem>
>
>	<listitem>
>	  <para>System maintenance and operation commands.</para>
>	</listitem>
>
>	<listitem>
>	  <para>Kernel developers.</para>
>	</listitem>
>      </orderedlist>
>
>      <para>In some cases, the same topic may appear in more than one
>	section of the online manual.  For example, there is a
>	<command>chmod</command> user command and a
>	<function>chmod()</function> system call.  In this case, you can
>	tell the <command>man</command> command which one you want by specifying the
>	section:</para>
>
>      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>man 1 chmod</userinput></screen>
>
>      <para>This will display the manual page for the user command
>        <command>chmod</command>. References to a particular section of
>	the online manual are traditionally placed in parenthesis in
>	written documentation, so &man.chmod.1; refers to the
>	<command>chmod</command> user command and &man.chmod.2; refers to
>	the system call.</para>
>
>      <para>This is fine if you know the name of the command and simply
>	wish to know how to use it, but what if you cannot recall the
>	command name?  You can use <command>man</command> to search for keywords in the
>	command descriptions by using the <option>-k</option>
>	switch:</para>
>
>      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>man -k mail</userinput></screen>
>
>      <para>With this command you will be presented with a list of
>        commands that have the keyword <quote>mail</quote> in their
>	descriptions.  This is actually functionally equivalent to using
>	the <command>apropos</command> command.</para>
>
>      <para>So, you are looking at all those fancy commands in
>	<filename>/usr/bin</filename> but do not have the faintest idea
>	what most of them actually do?  Simply do:</para>
>
>	<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>cd /usr/bin</userinput>
>&prompt.user; <userinput>man -f *</userinput></screen>
>
>	<para>or</para>
>
>	<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>cd /usr/bin</userinput>
>&prompt.user; <userinput>whatis *</userinput></screen>
>
>	<para>which does the same thing.</para>
>    </sect2>
>
>    <sect2 id="basics-info">
>      <title>GNU Info Files</title>
>      <indexterm><primary>Free Software Foundation</primary></indexterm>
>
>      <para>FreeBSD includes many applications and utilities produced by
>	the Free Software Foundation (FSF).  In addition to manual pages,
>	these programs come with more extensive hypertext documents called
>	<literal>info</literal> files which can be viewed with the
>	<command>info</command> command or, if you installed
>	<application>emacs</application>, the info mode of
>	<application>emacs</application>.</para>
>
>      <para>To use the &man.info.1; command, simply type:</para>
>
>      <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>info</userinput></screen>
>
>      <para>For a brief introduction, type <literal>h</literal>.  For a
>	quick command reference, type <literal>?</literal>.</para>
>    </sect2>
>  </sect1>
></chapter>
>

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Attachments on bug 116117: 81060