I tried to attach a new ssd to an existing zpool to upgrade the pool to a mirrored pool. bash# zpool attach root gpt/root0 gpt/root1 will output the error message "cannot attach gpt/root1 to gpt/root0: can only attach to mirrors and top-level disks" bash# zpool attach -o ashift=9 root gpt/root0 gpt/root1 worked in my case, but it took some googling to get to this point. With a better error message some frustration could have been avoided.