I've created a FreeBSD 14.0 VM image using poudriere and added cloud-init. When the VM boots, cloud-init runs but generates a Python exception while trying to configure the network: Cloud-init v. 23.4-68-g8937b5e5a running 'init-local' at Sun, 21 Jan 2024 16:56:14 +0000. Up 3.5224802494049072 seconds. 2024-01-21 16:56:15,020 - util.py[DEPRECATED]: The use of `gateway4` and `gateway6` is deprecated in 22.4 and scheduled to be removed in 27.4. For more info check out: https://cloudinit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/topics/network-config-format-v2.html 2024-01-21 16:56:15,028 - util.py[WARNING]: failed stage init-local failed run of stage init-local ------------------------------------------------------------ Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/cloudinit/cmd/main.py", line 781, in status_wrapper ret = functor(name, args) File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/cloudinit/cmd/main.py", line 442, in main_init init.apply_network_config(bring_up=bring_up_interfaces) File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/cloudinit/stages.py", line 1037, in apply_network_config return self.distro.apply_network_config( File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/cloudinit/distros/__init__.py", line 412, in apply_network_config network_state = parse_net_config_data(netconfig, renderer=renderer) File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/cloudinit/net/network_state.py", line 1107, in parse_net_config_data nsi.parse_config(skip_broken=skip_broken) File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/cloudinit/net/network_state.py", line 305, in parse_config self.parse_config_v2(skip_broken=skip_broken) File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/cloudinit/net/network_state.py", line 361, in parse_config_v2 self._v2_common(command) File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/cloudinit/net/network_state.py", line 825, in _v2_common self._handle_individual_nameserver(name_cmd, iface) File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/cloudinit/net/network_state.py", line 119, in decorator return func(self, command, *args, **kwargs) File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/cloudinit/net/network_state.py", line 603, in _handle_individual_nameserver _iface[iface]["dns"] = {"nameservers": nameservers, "search": search} KeyError: 'vtnet0' ------------------------------------------------------------ Cloud-init v. 23.4-68-g8937b5e5a running 'init' at Sun, 21 Jan 2024 16:56:15 +0000. Up 4.114490270614624 seconds. ci-info: ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++Net device info+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ci-info: +--------+-------+----------------+------------+-------+-------------------+ ci-info: | Device | Up | Address | Mask | Scope | Hw-Address | ci-info: +--------+-------+----------------+------------+-------+-------------------+ ci-info: | lo0 | True | 127.0.0.1 | 0xff000000 | . | . | ci-info: | lo0 | True | ::1/128 | . | . | . | ci-info: | lo0 | True | fe80::1%lo0/64 | . | 0x2 | . | ci-info: | vtnet0 | False | . | . | . | 58:9c:fc:01:ba:ff | ci-info: +--------+-------+----------------+------------+-------+-------------------+ ci-info: # cat /run/cloud-init/tmp/network-config version: 2 ethernets: id0: set-name: eth0 match: macaddress: "58:9c:fc:01:ba:ff" addresses: - 10.105.238.45/21 gateway4: 10.105.232.1 nameservers: search: [] addresses: [10.77.113.90,10.110.135.51,10.77.113.91,10.110.135.52] Note I experimented with changing the network-config to a) use routes instead of gateway4 and b) add a non-empty value for the search domains, but neither of these changes effected the above error. VM info: # uname -mrsv FreeBSD 14.0-RELEASE-p3 FreeBSD 14.0-RELEASE-p3 #0: Mon Dec 11 04:56:01 UTC 2023 root@amd64-builder.daemonology.net:/usr/obj/usr/src/amd64.amd64/sys/GENERIC amd64 # cloud-init --version /usr/local/bin/cloud-init 23.4-68-g8937b5e5a # ifconfig vtnet0: flags=1008802<BROADCAST,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST,LOWER_UP> metric 0 mtu 1500 options=80028<VLAN_MTU,JUMBO_MTU,LINKSTATE> ether 58:9c:fc:01:ba:ff media: Ethernet autoselect (10Gbase-T <full-duplex>) status: active nd6 options=29<PERFORMNUD,IFDISABLED,AUTO_LINKLOCAL> lo0: flags=1008049<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING,MULTICAST,LOWER_UP> metric 0 mtu 16384 options=680003<RXCSUM,TXCSUM,LINKSTATE,RXCSUM_IPV6,TXCSUM_IPV6> inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0xff000000 inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 inet6 fe80::1%lo0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x2 groups: lo nd6 options=21<PERFORMNUD,AUTO_LINKLOCAL>