According to tuning(7), with regard to the kern.ipc.maxpipekva tunable: "This exhaustion is not fatal; however, and it will only cause pipes to fall back to using double-copy." This doesn't seem to be true any longer: pipe(2) fails with ENOMEM, opening named pipes also fails with ENOMEM, ssh(1) logins fail with "error: server_accept_loop: pipe(startup_p): Cannot allocate memory", and so on.